太湖流域河流及溪流大型底栖动物群落结构及影响因素

2012年10月对太湖流域93个样点大型底栖动物进行调查,分析西部丘陵水生态功能区和东部平原水生态功能区底栖动物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系.共采集到底栖动物104种,隶属4门8纲19目46科85属.各样点的底栖动物总密度差别很大,介于1.33~39080ind./m2.西部丘陵区的物种丰富度、物种多样性均高于东部平原区.东部平原区的优势种主要为铜锈环棱螺和霍甫水丝蚓等耐污种,而西部丘陵区的优势种中包括清洁种(毛翅目和蜉蝣目幼虫).相似性分析结果表明2个生态区底栖动物群落具有显著差异,铜锈环棱螺、霍甫水丝蚓、锯齿新米虾、大沼螺、苏氏尾鳃蚓等是造成2生态区之间群落结构差异的主要原因.典范对应分析结果表明影响底栖动物群落结构的主要因素为栖境多样性、营养状态及底质异质性.Goodnight-Whitley指数和BPI指数评价结果表明西部丘陵区整体处于轻污染状态,而东部平原区大部分采样点处于轻污染状态和中污染状态,部分采样点处于重污染状态.     

滇池流域水污染防治收费政策实施绩效评估

分析了滇池流域现行的排污收费制度、污水处理收费制度和阶梯水价政策的实施效果,采用DEA方法的C2R模型和BC2模型对2001~2012年滇池流域水污染防治收费政策实施绩效进行了评估.结果表明:排污收费制度、污水处理收费制度和阶梯水价政策对降低滇池流域废水和污染物的排放以及提高流域用水效率均起到了较好的促进作用,且各政策实施绩效水平较高,综合效率值均值为0.902;影响滇池流域水污染防治收费政策的主要因素为单位COD排放工业增加值,可通过提高排污费征收标准或者排污费改税等措施,以进一步降低企业污染物的排放量;作为有效实施的环境经济政策,适当调整政策的征收标准,有利于提高各政策的实施效率.     

Post-evaluation of a water pollution control plan: methodology and case study

China has developed more than 20 water pollution control plans for river basins (RBWPs) since 1996. However, the implementation has generally lagged. This paper proposes a three-step, post-evaluation methodology to analyze the implementation result of a RBWP and its influential factors. First, a multi-attribute evaluation method based on an index system is established to score the enforcement results of a RBWP. Indicators measure how well a RBWP has achieved its objectives, which include water quality compliance, pollution load control, project construction, financial inputs, and related management requirements. Second, an interpretive structural model is used to detect the significant factors that affect RBWP implementation. This model can effectively analyze the cause-effect chain and hierarchical relationship among variables. Five groups of factors were identified, namely, plan preparation, water resource endowment, policy, institution, and management. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are employed in the third step to evaluate the extent to which these factors have influenced the execution result of a RBWP, including pre-post contrast, scenario analysis, and correlation analysis. This research then post-evaluated the implementation of the Huai River Basin water pollution control plans (H-RBWPs) over a period of 10 years as a case study. Results showed that the implementation of the H-RBWPs was unsatisfactory during 2001–2005, although it improved during 2006–2010. The poor execution of these plans was partially caused by the underestimation of regional economic development in combination with ineffective industrial structure adjustment policies. Therefore, this case study demonstrates the feasibility and flexibility of the proposed post-evaluation methodology.     

基于节点水质监测的污水管网破损位置判定方法

提出基于管网检查井水质特征因子监测,并结合管网和污染源地理信息系统,解析污水管段的地下水入渗量和破损程度,以解决逐段物探或流量检测成本高且难以实施的问题.采用安赛蜜作为生活污水的水质特征因子,对安徽省巢湖市某污水厂服务范围（14.4km²）的污水管网系统地下水入渗量进行了空间分布解析,并识别出管网严重破损位置.结果表明：①基于划分管网节点的分段地下水入渗量解析,其总的入渗量解析结果与基于总体水量平衡的解析结果相对误差为21.0%,与典型管段流量监测结果的相对误差为5.4%,表明建立的方法是可靠的;②占污水管网总长0.3%的局部管段,其地下水入渗量占到总入渗水量的23.0%.因此,对局部破损管段进行修复,可以显著降低整个管网系统的破损程度.据此还提出了应用该方法的基本原则.     

daNUbs: Lessons learned for nutrient management in the Danube Basin and its relation to Black Sea euthrophication

The results of the daNUbs-project deliver a basis for a proper management of nutrients in the Danube Basin. The understanding of the sources, pathways, and sinks of nutrients in the Basin and their effects on the Western ad North-Western Black Sea (WBS) ecosystem has been improved. Quantitative models on the emission of nutrients, their transport along the rivers, and their impact on the WBS have been further developed and combined. Phosphorus loads discharged by the Danube are 30–50% lower than in the 1980s (dissolved P even to a higher extent). Nitrogen emissions have decreased considerably as well. The lower nutrient discharges from the Danube have led to a significant improvement in the WBS ecosystem. Current low discharges of N and P to the WBS are the result of (1) improved nutrient removal from waste water in Germany, Austria, and Czech Republic, (2) reduced P-discharges from detergents and (3) the consequences of the economic crisis in central and eastern European countries following the political changes of 1989/1990. As the decrease is partly due to the economic breakdown in the formerly communist countries, economic development in these countries has to go along with proper nutrient management. Otherwise, the situation in the WBS ecosystem will deteriorate again.     

Elemental composition of bottom-sediments from Pangani river basin,Tanzania: lithogenic and anthropogenic sources

River-bed sediments from the Pangani basin, Tanzania, were characterized for elemental compositions, following contamination risks from rapid expansions of human activities in the area. Samples were collected during two individual seasons and analyzed by high-polarizing beam energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) for eight major and 14 trace elements. Evaluation of enrichment factors (EFs) was used to investigate the elemental flux and assess the contributions of natural and anthropogenic influences. The abundances of the major elements followed the order Si?>?Al?>?Fe?>?Ca?>?K?>?Ti?>?Mn?>?P, similar to that of the upper earth's crust, and were generally from the weathering of the bed-rock. The high concentrations of typical anthropogenic trace-elements (Cr??1, V??1, Ni??1, Cu??1, La??1) coupled with high EFs (>2) in some locations indicated contamination associated with agricultural and industrial activities. Factor analysis extracted five principal components that contributed to 96.0% of the total observed variance. The results indicated that river-bed sediments of the Pangani basin were influenced to a larger extent by lithogenic sources than anthropogenic impacts.     

太湖流域典型地区农村生活污水中污染物在表层土壤中的削减特征与测算

原位采集太湖流域典型平原河网地区农户化粪池排污口附近的表层土壤及化粪池出水,人工模拟研究区域典型降雨（夏季30 mm·次-1,冬季5mm·次-1）、气温（夏季27℃,冬季5℃）条件以及排污负荷[TN：（2.35±0.06） g·m^-2 ·d^-1,NH4＋-N：（2.08±0.04）g·m^-2· d^-1,TP：（0.21±0.01）g·m^-2·d^-1,COD：（11.14±0.59）g·m^-2·d^-1],并进行室内模拟土柱试验,测算不同季节（夏季和冬季）、不同天气过程（雨前、雨天和雨后）排污口表层土壤对农村生活污水各类污染物的削减率并探讨其削减规律.结果表明：在季节差异上,雨前、雨天和雨后TN削减率均表现为夏季＜冬季（P＜0.05或P＜0.001）,NH4＋-N削减率则均表现为夏季＞冬季（P＜0.01）;雨前和雨后TP削减率表现为夏季＞冬季（P＜0.001）,COD削减率无显著季节性差异;雨天TP和COD削减率则均表现为夏季＜冬季（P＜0.01或P＜0.001）.在天气过程差异上,夏季土壤TN削减率表现为雨后＞雨前＞雨天（P＜0.01）,夏季TP和COD削减率表现为雨前≈雨后＞雨天（P＞0.05,P＜0.01）,而夏季NH4＋-N,冬季TN、NH4＋-N、TP和COD削减率在不同天气过程之间无显著差异（P＞0.05）.据此划分,夏季雨前、雨天和雨后及冬季TN削减率分别为38.5％、-25.0％、46.0％和50.4％,夏季和冬季NH4＋-N削减率分别为91.5％和85.5％,夏季雨天、夏季其余时间及冬季TP削减率分别为63.3％、93.1％和82.7％,夏季雨天及其余时间COD削减率分别为8.2％和66.2％.     

Perspectives on small watershed management in China: the case of Biliu

River basin management in China has focused on large rivers, such as the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers. However, there are also about 20,000 small river basins that deserve attention. The Biliu River basin in Liaoning Province, northeast China, which is 156 km in length, has many features common to small river basins, including divided jurisdiction among governments leading to vertical and horizontal fragmentation. In the Biliu basin, the key municipalities are Dalian with a population of almost 6 million people and Yingkou with about 2.28 million people. Each has different interests and needs, making coordination and collaboration difficult. The literature and practice suggest that effective integrated water resource management (IWRM) requires at least six features: (1) vision, policy and strategy; (2) a legislative or statutory basis to provide credibility and authority; (3) a river basin organization to coordinate development and management; (4) specification of functions and authority of the river basin organization; (5) public participation and community involvement; and (6) an IRWM strategy and plan. Water management in the Biliu River basin is assessed relative to these features of IWRM, with recommendations offered regarding changes to have water management in the Biliu River basin to reflect what is expected in an IWRM approach.     

大同盆地高砷地下水中可培养耐砷微生物的群落结构

大同盆地是典型的高砷地下水分布区。利用从地方性砷中毒严重病区山阴县采集的高砷地下水样品,用稀释培养法实验研究了外加砷源对地下水中微生物数量的影响;同时基于生物学可培养法和16SrDNA序列比对法,选取代表性高砷水样,研究了耐砷菌的种群特征。结果表明,外加砷源对地下水中微生物数量影响显著,高浓度砷会抑制大部分微生物生长,使微生物数量减少;低浓度砷对微生物生长具有一定促进作用。通过多次分离、纯化从3个不同砷含量地下水样中分离到多株砷抗性菌,经鉴定属于主要为Bacillus、Pseudomonas、Paenibacillus、Aeromonas、Enterobacter5个属。从RDP(RibosomalDatabaseProject)分析显示3个水样可培养微生物组成不同,都有生存能力强能够耐低浓度NaAsO2的Bacillales,优势耐砷菌是γ-proteobacteria,其中Enterbacter具有耐高浓度NaAsO2的能力。     

白石砬子自然保护区几种主要植被类型土壤入渗特性研究

为了深入研究辽东山区森林土壤的水源涵养功能,以白石砬子自然保护区内的6种主要植被类型下土壤为研究对象,采用野外双环试验和室内理化性质分析相结合的方法,研究了不同植被类型下土壤入渗能力及其与理化性质的关系。结果表明,不同植被类型土壤的初渗率、稳渗率、平均入渗率、渗透总量均表现为下层低于上层,最大值是最小值的近3倍;不同植被类型间土壤入渗能力差异较大,其中A层初渗率排列顺序为原生红松阔叶混交林>红松人工林>鱼鳞云杉臭冷杉林>农地>蒙古栎林>杂木林,B层初渗率排列顺序为鱼鳞云杉臭冷杉林>农地>杂木林>红松人工林>原生红松阔叶混交林>蒙古栎林,A层稳渗率排列顺序为红松人工林>鱼鳞云杉臭冷杉林>原生红松阔叶混交林>杂木林>蒙古栎林>农地,B层稳渗率以杂木林最大,为3.8 mm?min-1,原生红松阔叶混交林最小,仅为1.1 mm?min-1,其他4种植被类型土壤稳渗率几乎无差异,A层平均入渗率排列顺序为红松人工林>原生红松阔叶混交林>鱼鳞云杉臭冷杉林>杂木林>蒙古栎林>农地,B层平均入渗率排列顺序为杂木林>鱼鳞云杉臭冷杉林>红松人工林>蒙古栎林>农地>原生红松阔叶混交林,A层的渗透总量以红松阔叶混交林和红松人工林最大,蒙古栎林和农地相对较低,B层的渗透总量以杂木林最大,红松阔叶混交林最小;主成分分析评价的土壤入渗能力排序为红松人工林>鱼鳞云杉臭冷杉林>原生红松阔叶混交林>杂木林>蒙古栎林>农地,初渗率、稳渗率、平均入渗率和渗透总量等4个指标综合起来能够很好的表达土壤入渗能力,其主成分方差的累积贡献率为90.662%;不同层次土壤入渗速率与入渗时间均存在良好的幂函数关系;土壤的稳渗率、平均入渗率、渗透总量与非毛管孔隙度呈显著正相关关系,初渗率与非毛管孔隙存在相关性,但不显著。与容重存在负相关关系,但不显著。