人工快速渗滤系统氨氮去除机理

通过对稳定运行的快渗池采样监测和利用室内人工土柱法研究了渗滤系统中氨氮、硝氮的分布和转化,探讨了人工快速渗滤系统(CRI)中氨氮的去除机理.结果显示,在布水期,人工快速渗滤系统中主要发生吸附反应,吸附态氨氮主要集中在0～50cm砂层;在落干期,吸附态氨氮发生硝化反应,在下一次布水时硝氮随水流排出;系统的反硝化能力较弱,总氮的去除率也较低.     

皇甫川丘陵沟壑区小流域生态用水实验研究

一个强烈水土流失小流域(准格尔五分地沟),经过20多年水土保持植被建设,乔灌草人工植被镶嵌分布,覆盖率达80%,在有效遏制水土流失的同时,也消耗相当量的水资源---生态用水。2002年生长季节,采用实验研究方法,测定了该小流域各不同类型植被蒸散量、各不同类型土壤贮水量及降水量等,计算出该小流域四大类型植被生态用水(按大小顺序):①农田为5321.3m³/hm²;②乔木林为4654.8m³/hm²;③灌木林为4047.8m³/hm²;④草原为3244.3m³/hm²。估算出全小流域生态用水量:①各类植被生态用水量约150×10⁴m³;②水库湿地生态用水量约26×10⁴m³;③居民点生态用水量约4000m³。三项合计,即五分地沟小流域总生态用水量约176×10⁴m³。值得重视的问题是:该小流域植被生态用水量和总生态用水量均超出同期降水量(130×10⁴m³)达20×10⁴～40×10⁴m³。这意味着土壤贮水量耗减20～30mm。因此,在生态环境建设中,构建适宜的植被模式,调控生态用水量,将对维持生态系统稳定及其环境改善起重要作用。     

人类活动对干旱区内陆河流域景观格局的影响分析——以新疆和田河中游地区为例

通过对新疆和田河中游地区1959年及2000年景观格局的对比分析,结果表明,干旱区内陆河流域基本维持了原宏观景观格局。但在小尺度上,人类通过调控水资源在空间分布的格局,影响了水在景观格局发展中的生态作用,进而影响了区域景观格局。人工渠、水库、居民地、农耕区等人为景观的出现及增多越来越影响着区域内的景观格局。这说明人类活动虽不是区域内景观格局发展的主导因素,但它对干旱区内陆河流域景观格局的影响力度与影响范围却越来越大。     

污水渗滤土地处理系统中的堵塞问题

堵塞问题是污水渗滤土地处理系统经常遇到的.从理论方面对悬浮物截留、吸附及微生物生长所造成的堵塞进行了讨论,并用实例进行了验证.结果表明,不管是悬浮物截留、吸附,还是微生物的生长,所造成的堵塞状况都呈现出随滤层厚度增加按负指数形式递减的趋势.系统内部是否会发生堵塞与原水的成分组成、渗滤介质的有关参数、微生物的活性等都密切相关.对于污水渗滤土地处理系统来说,微生物的生长一般不会导致系统内部产生堵塞,而悬浮物的截留、吸附常常会造成系统表层比较严重的堵塞.     

松辽流域水资源区域补偿对策研究

为了促进水资源的可持续利用,在分析松辽流域水资源与水环境现状的基础上,探讨了水资源的区域补偿对策,指出流域上、中、下游的用水量应统一调配,当上游地区超配额使用水资源时,超标使用地区应赔偿下游因此而受到的消极影响;跨区域调水时应对供水区进行资源与环境的补偿;流域上游进行生态恢复与建设,下游应对上游给予受益补偿;建立全流域排污权市场,促使企业产生节约水环境资源的动机,有效控制水环境污染;受益地区和受益者应对蓄滞洪区分洪的损失进行补偿,以实现对流域水资源的利益共享、责任共担。     

北江流域有机碳侵蚀通量的初步研究

选取北江的河口站断面,对径流进行了5个季节的采样分析.结果表明,北江径流中颗粒有机碳含量随总悬浮物含量的变化而同步变化;溶解有机碳含量与总悬浮物含量之间有时表现微弱的正相关,有时表现微弱的负相关.随着水体总悬浮物含量的增加,总悬浮物中有机碳的质量分数呈对数趋势降低.洪峰时期径流对有机碳的搬运是全年总搬运量的主要部分,这种现象对于溶解有机碳更为显著.初步估算,北江流域的有机碳侵蚀通量为10.01×10⁶g·km^-2·a^-1,其中以颗粒有机碳为主,达到6.54×10⁶g·km^-2·a^-1,溶解有机碳的侵蚀通量为3.47×10⁶g·km^-2·a^-1.北江流域有机碳侵蚀通量的总量和组成特点与多数季风流域具有更大的一致性.     

Water rights and legal pluralism: four contexts for negotiation

Increasing water scarcity is increasing pressure on water management institutions, particularly in the area of water rights. A common response is to formalise water tenure, one of several options for securing access and resolving conflicts concerning water allocation. This article looks at four contexts where negotiation, self-governance and concepts of legal pluralism may help improve water resource management. Existing users and potential new users need to negotiate before water resources are developed. Users can participate in forums with authority to solve basin management problems through self-governance. Negotiated water transfers offer an alternative to water acquisition by expropriation.     

STRATIFICATION OF VARIABILITY IN RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT YIELD BASED ON VEGETATION CHARACTERISTICS1

ABSTRACT: Runoff and sediment yield were collected from 100 plots during simulated rainfalls (100 mm/hr for 15 minutes) at antecedent soil moisture conditions. A clustering technique was used to stratify the variability of a single data set within a sagebrush‐grass community into four groups based on vegetation life form and amount of cover. The four cluster groups were grass, grass/shrub, shrub, and forb/grass and were found to be significantly different in plant height, surface roughness, soil bulk density, and soil organic matter. Stepwise multiple regression analyses were performed on the single data set and each cluster group. Results for individual groups resulted in more robust predictive equations for runoff (r²= 0.65–0.73) and sediment yield (r²= 0.37–0.91) than for equations developed from the single data set (r²= 0.56 for runoff and r²= 0.27 for sediment yield). The standard errors of the cluster group regression equations were also improved in three of the four group equations for both runoff and sediment yield compared to the single data set. Runoff was found to be significantly less (p >0.01) in the forb/grass group compared with other vegetation cluster groups, but this was influenced by four plots that produced little or no runoff. Sediment yield was not found to be significantly different among any cluster groups. Discriminant analysis was then used to identify important variables and develop a model to classify plots into one of the four cluster groups. The discriminant model could be incorporated into rangeland hydrology and erosion models. The percentage cover of grasses, shrubs, litter, and bare ground effectively stratified about 12 percent of the variation observed in runoff and 26 percent of the variability for sediment yield as determined by r².     

Sustainable management of transboundary river basins: a line of reasoning

This paper identifies a line of reasoning based on a number of concepts and tools to facilitate river basin management, which have been applied in a case study. For long-term sustainable river basin management, a balance is needed between the human use of the river and its basin, the ecological functioning of the river and receiving waters, and the river's capacity to supply goods and services. To find such a balance a framework is needed that illustrates and clarifies possible trade-offs between economic use and environmental supply by integrating scientific information on cause–effect chains on a catchment scale. A number of concepts and tools are proposed as a basis for this framework. The tools are: (1) indicators that describe the complex interactions and processes in rivers; (2) a suite of linked models that predict the economic, environmental and ecological effect of management measures; (3) an evaluation framework to rank different management alternatives on the basis of three objectives: economic efficiency, spatial equity in costs and benefits and environmental quality of the river and receiving lakes. The concept of environmental quality defines the potential of the river environment (i.e. natural capital) to contribute to human welfare. The concept of environmental functions is used to identify societal interest in natural capital. The concept and tools have been applied in a case study involving the evaluation of four management strategies on nutrient abatement in the Rhine basin. The result of the case study is that economic efficiency is in conflict with spatial equity and environmental quality. Spatial equity is in agreement with environmental quality. Electronic Publication     

潍河流域水质管理模型

水质管理模型包括河流模型、农业非点源污染模型和水库富营养化模型。河流模型选择ＱＵＡＬ２ＥＵ模型并加以改进,增加了模拟ＣＯＤ转化,底泥泛起和水体养鱼的非点输入功能,并将非点源模型和水库模型作了技术处理使之同河流模型有机结合在一起。