轴对称渐缩回转进口旋风器流场特性研究

将普通切向单进口旋风器改进为具有轴对称渐缩回转进口的旋风器，并采用5孔探针对其流场特性进行了试验研究，给出了其速度和静压分布并与普通切向单进口旋风器进行了对比。结果表明，采用轴对称渐缩回转进口增强了流场的轴对称性，有利于同时提高效率和降低阻力。     

Target and nontarget discrimination of herbicides applied to vegetation in a power-line corridor

We tested two cutting regimens (cut/spray and cut/delay spray) and four radiarc-applied herbicides (Garlon + Tordon, Accord, Accord + Escort, and Krenite) in an Ohio power-line corridor to determine which management combination best eliminated target species (i.e., trees) and preserved nontarget species (i.e., low shrubs, vines, perennial herbs, and grasses). When spraying was delayed after cutting, the herbicide with the least impact on nontarget species (Krenite) also was least efficient at killing target trees. Spraying soon after cutting improved tree-killing efficiency of several herbicides, but it also increased the negative impact on nontarget species. The herbicide with the most consistent tree-killing ability (Accord + Escort) had the most impact on nontarget species. Because none of the herbicide/cutting treatments performed ideally, resource managers must decide the acceptable impact on nontarget species when considering herbicide use. Future success of herbicides as part of an integrated succession management approach requires more selective application methods and formulations so that target effects can be maximized and nontarget effects can be minimized.     

Host intra-clutch variation,cuckoo egg matching and egg rejection by great reed warblers

Prevailing theory predicts that lower levels of intra-clutch variation in host eggs facilitate the detection of brood parasitism. We assessed egg matching using both human vision and UV-VIS spectrophotometry and then followed the nest fate of great reed warblers naturally parasitised by European cuckoos. Rejection was predicted by the following three variables: matching between cuckoo and host eggs on the main chromatic variable defined by principal components analysis of the egg spectra (which has a strong loading in the UV); the number of host eggs in the nest; and human estimates of intra-clutch variation. The first variable is not correlated to human estimates of matching, which do not predict rejection. In line with another recent study, rejection rates were predicted by higher levels of intra-clutch variation in the host eggs, suggesting that higher rather than lower levels of intra-clutch variation can facilitate the discrimination of cuckoo eggs by hosts. We suggest that the importance of intra-clutch variation is context dependent, with intra-clutch variation being important when there is good matching between the host and the cuckoo eggs. Our results also suggest that both spectrometric and human visual assessments of egg matching and intra-clutch variation are prudent: the former provide the best method of estimating reflectance variation, whereas the latter include some assessment of patterns of maculation.     

圆柱型燃烧器内甲烷燃烧转化率数值研究

甲烷燃烧具有环境污染小、放热量大等优点,但甲烷燃烧转化率受很多因素影响,因此,研究甲烷燃烧过程的转化率就显得尤为重要。基于计算流体力学中的涡耗散模型,运用有限容积法建立甲烷和空气非预混燃烧与扩散数学模型。针对具有3个小挡板,一个喷嘴的圆柱型燃烧器进行数值研究。结论:随着不同入口空气速度的逐渐增加,甲烷-空气非预混燃烧反应不充分,在轴向距离2 m处,反应生成的水和二氧化碳的含量逐渐减少,然而氧气增多,甲烷燃烧的转化率变低;随着不同入口甲烷速度的逐渐增加,甲烷-空气非预混燃烧反应充分,转化率变高;随着不同入口甲烷温度的增加,氧气浓度增加,甲烷-空气非预混燃烧反应不充分,转化率降低。     

Worker discrimination among queens in newly founded colonies of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta

Although colonies of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta are often founded by small groups of queens, all but one of the queens are soon eliminated due to worker attacks and queen fighting. The elimination of supernumerary queens provides an important context for tests of discrimination by the workers, since the outcome of these interactions strongly affects the workers' inclusive fitness. To test whether workers in newly founded colonies discriminate among nestmate queens, paired cofoundresses were narrowly separated by metal screens that prevented direct fighting, but through which the workers could easily pass. Soon after the first workers completed development, they often attacked one of the queens; these attacks were strongly associated with queen mortality. When one queen's brood was discarded, so that the adult workers were all the daughters of just one queen, the workers were significantly less likely to bite their mother than the unrelated queen; however, this tendency was comparatively weak. Queens kept temporarily at a higher temperature to increase their rate of investment in brood-rearing lost weight more rapidly than paired queens and were subsequently more likely to be attacked and killed by workers. Workers were more likely to bite queens that had been temporarily isolated than queens that remained close to brood and workers. When queens were not separated by screens, the presence of workers stimulated queen fights. These results show that workers discriminate strongly among equally familiar queens and that discrimination is based more on the queens' condition and recent social environment than on kinship. Received: 9 June 1998 / Accepted after revision: 10 October 1998     

Prey chemical discrimination in ambush foragers: absence in representatives of two additional iguanian lizard families and probable olfactory mediation in a gekkonine gecko

Summary. Lingually mediated prey chemical discrimination in lizards has evolved in active foragers, been lost in taxa that have reverted to ambush foraging, and has not evolved in taxa that have retained the ancestral ambushing. Previous studies have shown that all families of insectivorous ambushers lack prey chemical discrimination, including most families of iguanian lizards and two gekkonid species. I conducted experimental studies of prey chemical discrimination in representatives of two additional iguanian families and a third gekkonid lizard. An oplurid species, Oplurus cuvieri and a corytophanid, Corytophanes cristatus, did not discriminate among prey chemicals and control substances. Prey chemical discrimination is now known to be absent in insectivorous ambush foragers in all but one of the families in Iguania, one of the two major lizard radiations. Hoplocercidae remains unstudied. Like other ambushing gekkonid lizards, Pachydactylus turneri did not exhibit elevated tongue-flick rates in response to prey chemicals. However, after tongue-flicking or being touched on the labial scales by cotton swabs, these lizards bit swabs bearing prey chemicals more frequently than control stimuli. They also exhibited buccal pulsing more frequently in response to prey chemicals than deionized water, suggesting olfactory sampling. The unusually highly developed olfactory organs of gekkonid lizards and their nocturnal habits suggest that olfaction may be more important to foraging than in other lizards. Further studies are needed to determine relative roles of olfaction and vomerolfaction in selective response to prey chemicals and to ascertain whether and to what extent the tongue may be used to locate and identify prey. Received 30 March 1999; accepted 26 July 1999     

新型喷射鼓泡塔与传统鼓泡塔脱硫的性能比较

以磷矿浆为脱硫剂进行烟气脱硫研究,比较了自主创新研制的中试规模环栅式喷射鼓泡塔与工业规模的日本千代田CT-121脱硫鼓泡塔的性能。结果表明:塔压降和脱硫剂的pH值是影响脱硫效率的关键因素。鼓泡塔采用三塔串联,控制磷矿浆pH值为3.5~4.2、操作压力为7 000~7 800 Pa时,脱硫效率维持在95%左右。环栅式喷射鼓泡塔维持单塔压降约在3 000 Pa左右,磷矿浆pH值在3.7~4.3时脱硫效率可达67%。环栅式喷射鼓泡脱硫工艺以磷矿为脱硫剂,脱硫除尘效果好,系统投资少,运行费用低,并能资源化利用废渣,是适合我国国情的一项脱硫除尘技术。     

装置进气口宽度对不同尺寸油盘火旋风燃烧特性影响的研究

为探究进气口宽度对火旋风燃烧特性的影响,利用自然驱动的四面边墙夹缝式装置对不同进气口宽度使用１５０,２００,２５０ mm 3种直径进行实验研究。由燃料质量随时间变化曲线得出准稳态阶段火旋风的质量燃烧速率;利用摄像机记录火焰的连续图像并获得火焰高度。结果表明:针对实验室小型火旋风（150~250 mm）,在进气口宽度为35 mm左右时,火旋风的燃烧速率最大,即火旋风的燃烧强度存在1个最佳的进气口宽度;当火焰高度达到最高时,环量也存在1个临界值。     

低负荷掺烟对燃煤锅炉NO_X生成及SCR脱硝控制的研究

以某2×330 MW亚临界燃煤锅炉为研究对象,应用数值模拟研究了低负荷下两种一次风掺烟烟气再循环方案对炉内煤粉燃烧以及NOX生成规律的影响,耦合锅炉热力计算研究了SCR入口烟温的变化规律。计算结果表明,合理掺烟方式以及掺烟比能有效降低炉膛出口NOX浓度,提高SCR入口烟温,但掺烟比例过大会影响炉内煤粉正常燃烧;较优的掺烟方案为一次风掺烟20%,同时维持空气量不变,此时炉膛出口NOX排放质量浓度降低了18.29 mg/m3,SCR入口烟温提高了15℃。采用一次风掺烟能有效控制低负荷下锅炉NO_x生成及烟气中的排放。     

水源地水污染风险等级判别方法及应用

以广西柳州市柳南水厂水源地为研究对象,建立了水源地风险等级判别模型,模型主要考虑企业风险等级,以及风险影响后水源地水质超标倍数、水质超标持续时间、污染团到达时间等因子,模型参数根据调查及分析得到。通过风险判别模型,计算得到柳南水厂取水口的风险等级,为该区域进行环境风险管理提供了技术支撑。