Industrial symbiosis and the policy instruments of sustainable consumption and production

Industrial symbioses (ISs) and eco-industrial parks (EIPs) are key concepts of industrial ecology (IE). The aim of ISs and EIPs is to minimise inefficient material and energy use by utilising local by-product and energy flows. Industrial symbioses tend to develop through spontaneous action of economic actors, for gaining of economic benefit, but these systems can be designed and promoted via policy instruments as well. A literature review showed that national programmes for eco-industrial parks can be found in different parts of the world. In the action programmes and other sustainable consumption and production (SCP) policy documents of the EU, on the other hand, industrial symbioses gain less recognition as a path to enhanced sustainable production. In this article, we consider this and also analyse how the evolution and environmental performance of an industrial symbiosis system centred on a Finnish pulp and paper mill have been affected by SCP policy instruments. With regard to the system forming the subject of the case study, and Finnish industrial systems in general, policy instruments have succeeded in reducing emissions but not in systematically encouraging operators toward symbiosis-like activities. All in all, few studies exist on the overall impact of policy instruments promoting design of eco-industrial parks. It is not self-evident that symbiosis-like production systems would be sustainable in every case, as the background assumptions for political promotion of EIPs suggest. We concluded that industrial symbioses should be analysed and developed on a life cycle basis, with documentation of the real environmental benefits due to efficient resource use and decreased emissions in comparison to standalone production. ISs can then bring eco-competitiveness to companies in relation to SCP tools, such as environmental permits, ecolabels, and future product regulation based on the Ecodesign Directive in Europe. Indirect encouragement of symbiosis through land-use regulation and planning, in such a way that material fluxes between companies are possible both in operations and in financial terms, may prove effective. The same holds for waste policies that encourage increased reuse of a company’s waste by other enterprises.     

CTL-12型化学需氧量测定仪应用研究

采用CTL-12型化学需氧量测定仪测定CODCr,并与传统的重铬酸钾法比较。实验结果表明,该仪器适用于多种废水、不同浓度CODCr的测定,具有准确、简便、快速等特点。     

电子仪器干扰与屏蔽

电子仪器设计、生产过程中,抗干扰问题是线路设计者和结构设计者同时会遇到的重要问题。本文主要阐述了在作为结构设计者怎么解决和抑制干扰问题。干扰来自仪器的内部和外部,一种仪器既可以受到自身的干扰,同时也可以干扰别的仪器。消除和减弱这些干扰,在线路设计中可用滤波器、去耦电路等等。而在结构设计上就要进行屏蔽设计,用屏蔽来消除干扰。     

仪器法测定BOD5的研究与应用

通过研究用仪器法测定BOD5的方法的准确性。可靠程度及与标准法的相关性，从而证明简单、方便的仪器法是否可以代替繁琐、复杂的标准法，因而可以行之有效地运用到生产、科学研究、教学实际中。     

石油化工生产中使用可燃性气体检测报警仪表若干问题的探讨

介绍了可燃性气体检测的基本原理、检测探头应具备的抗干扰能力，并探讨了探头的布点方法和注意事项、仪表的标定及报警点设置、管理维护等问题。     

风云三号卫星微波成像仪海面温度产品检验

目的方法 利用全球海-气综合数据集(ICOADS),对FY-3C MWRI海面温度产品按照升降轨进行检验,并对不同风速及太阳辐射(白天、夜晚)条件下的检验结果进行分析.结果 FY-3C MWRI SST产品升轨绝对误差为0.950 K,均方根误差为1.278 K;降轨绝对误差为1.186 K,均方根误差为1.692 K...     

Promise and performance of agricultural nutrient management policy: Lessons from the Baltic Sea

Following decades of international collaboration to restore the Baltic Sea, we provide an assessment of the domestic implementation of measures agreed to limit diffuse agricultural pollution and the patterns of policy instruments applied. Despite the Helsinki Convention being unusually specific in detailing what measures countries should introduce, we find many shortcomings. These are most pronounced in the larger countries (Poland, Germany and Russia), while smaller countries perform better, notably Sweden and Estonia. The patterns of policy instruments applied differ, influenced by domestic politics. The limited use of complementary policy instruments suggests that other priorities overrule full and effective implementation, with engagement mirroring the advantages that a restored Baltic Sea can bring to countries. Using the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development to support farmers in managing nutrients, particularly advisory services and investments in modern manure management technologies, represents a significant opportunity for reducing agricultural pollution in most countries.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01549-3.     

双波长紫外吸收法有机废水COD测量技术与仪器设计

紫外吸收法直接测定有机废水COD是一种无需化学试剂、无样品前处理、无二次污染的绿色无损检测技术,但在实际应用中发现,有机废水中的悬浮物对测量结果产生较大影响.以实际废水水样为例,详细阐述了双波长紫外吸收法测量有机废水COD的操作方法及其消除悬浮物干扰的原理,并介绍了运用该技术设计开发的COD在线测量仪器.该仪器采用嵌入式计算机系统实时采集和处理数据,根据实际废水在双波长测量条件下的有效紫外吸光度快速推算出其COD值,具有快速、准确、无污染的特点.     

亚洲地区OMI和SCIAMACHY臭氧柱总量观测结果比较

利用臭氧观测仪(OMI)和扫描成像大气吸收光谱仪(SCIAMACHY)传感器反演的臭氧总量数据,结合从世界臭氧与紫外线辐射数据中心(WODUC)获取的地面观测臭氧总量数据进行验证,对比2种不同卫星遥感反演的臭氧总量产品优缺点,并分析亚洲地区臭氧总量的时空特征.结果表明,OMI反演的结果比SCIAMACHY的结果更好,而且具有更高的时间和空间分辨率.臭氧总量存在明显的季节变化,在低纬度地区最大值出现在4或5月,最小值在11或12月,而在高纬度地区则分别出现在2月或3月和8月或9月.臭氧总量纬度地带性分布明显,并随着纬度增加而逐渐上升,在10°N~30°N之间,臭氧总量增长平缓,在30°N~50°N之间,臭氧总量快速增大.在青藏高原地区出现臭氧低值区,并在青藏高原东面的横断山脉向低纬度延伸,隔断了臭氧总量的纬度地带性分布.臭氧总量变化在不同纬度呈现不同的模式,距平值随纬度的增大波动随之增大.纬度最低的站点(216)臭氧总量距平值变化最小,最大只有30 DU;而纬度最高的站点(326)臭氧总量距平值变化可达180 DU以上.     

生物类水质在线自动分析仪的标定

国产蓝星LXWA-0型BOD/COD/TOC水质在线自动分析仪在我站安装运行后,该公司未提供标定方法,无法知道该仪器的灵敏度.本文通过对该分析仪的方法原理、反应机理和特点进行系统分析,提出一个完善的生物类在线自动分析仪的标定方法,解决了这一问题.结果表明,地表水自动监测站大部分的监测断面设置在水域较广的江河湖泊中,地表水水质变化不大,这正好发挥了RACOD仪的优点.