浙江省蔬菜生产系统重金属污染生态健康风险

为了解浙江省蔬菜生产系统重金属污染情况和居民的膳食健康风险,选择浙江省典型的蔬菜生产基地作为研究区域,采集了102对蔬菜和土壤样本,分析了浙江省蔬菜生产系统重金属Cd、 Cu、 Pb、 Cr、 As、 Ni和Hg的分布和富集特征,并采用内梅罗综合污染指数、潜在生态风险指数和膳食暴露评估模型系统评价了蔬菜生产系统生态健康风险.结果表明,研究区土壤Cd超标严重,超标率为97.2%,土壤以中轻度污染风险为主,Cd污染风险最大,其次是Pb、 Cu和As.蔬菜中仅有少量豆类和瓜果类蔬菜Cd超标,超标率分别为12.5%和8.7%.不同种类蔬菜的重金属富集能力差异明显,总体表现为：叶菜>豆类>瓜果类>根茎类.浙江省居民食用本地蔬菜的非致癌风险和致癌风险都在可接受范围,儿童比成人更容易面临风险(P<0.01),Cd和Pb对健康风险的贡献率最高.浙江省蔬菜生产系统生产的蔬菜整体处于安全水平,但需要加强对Cd和Pb的污染源管控.     

Progress in quantitative research on the relationship between atmospheric oxidation and air quality

Atmospheric oxidizing capacity (AOC) is an essential driving force of troposphere chemistry and self-cleaning, but the definition of AOC and its quantitative representation remain uncertain. Driven by national demand for air pollution control in recent years, Chinese scholars have carried out studies on theories of atmospheric chemistry and have made considerable progress in AOC research. This paper will give a brief review of these developments. First, AOC indexes were established that represent apparent atmospheric oxidizing ability (AOIe) and potential atmospheric oxidizing ability (AOIp) based on aspects of macrothermodynamics and microdynamics, respectively. A closed study refined the quantitative contributions of heterogeneous chemistry to AOC in Beijing, and these AOC methods were further applied in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and key areas across the country. In addition, the detection of ground or vertical profiles for atmospheric OH·, HO₂·, NO₃· radicals and reservoir molecules can now be obtained with domestic instruments in diverse environments. Moreover, laboratory smoke chamber simulations revealed heterogeneous processes involving reactions of O₃ and NO₂, which are typical oxidants in the surface/interface atmosphere, and the evolutionary and budgetary implications of atmospheric oxidants reacting under multispecies, multiphase and multi-interface conditions were obtained. Finally, based on the GRAPES-CUACE adjoint model improved by Chinese scholars, simulations of key substances affecting atmospheric oxidation and secondary organic and inorganic aerosol formation have been optimized. Normalized numerical simulations of AOIe and AOIp were performed, and regional coordination of AOC was adjusted. An optimized plan for controlling O₃ and PM_2.5 was analyzed by scenario simulation.     

水污染综合指数评价方法与应用分析

分析了我国河流水质综合评价方法的现状以及运用水污染综合指数评价河流水质的方法 ,同时应用实例采用不同方法对综合指数进行了计算 ,通过对计算结果进行比较评价分析 ,综合加权计算方法的结果比较符合实际 ,而且直观明了     

火灾、爆炸危险指数评价法在汽车加油站的应用

本文提出了火灾、爆炸危险指数评价法在汽车加油站应用时的一些系数的选取应用的几点意见 ,以期应用该评价法时更符合实际情况 ,更准确。并用实例加以说明     

水溶性有机物对土壤中菲的生态毒性影响

采用生物培养和物理化学试验,研究了水溶性有机物(DOM)对土壤中phe生态毒性的影响.结果表明,本研究所用DOM均具有表面活性;小麦根phe毒害的敏感区间为0～200mg/kg,200mg/kg是土壤中phe的50%小麦根伸长抑制率浓度.DOM的存在会降低phe的生态毒性,但是降低程度与其疏水性馏分含量和表面活性有关,且phe生态毒性的降低程度随DOM浓度的增大而增大.本研究的结果说明DOM能减轻土壤中phe的生态毒性.     

Spatiotemporal optical properties of dissolved organic matter in a sluice-controlled coastal plain river with both salinity and trophic gradients

Due to the combined effect of sluices and sea tide, the sluice-controlled coastal plain river would be characterized by both trophic state and salinity gradients, affecting the spatiotemporal optical properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM). In this study, we investigated the spatiotemporal variation of water quality parameters and optical properties of DOM in the Haihe River, a representative sluice-controlled coastal plain river in Tianjin, China. A significant salinity gradient and four trophic states were observed in the water body of the Haihe River. Two humic- and one protein-like substances were identified from the DOM by the three-dimensional fluorescence spectra combined with the parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis. Pearson's correlation analysis and redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that the salinity significantly affected the abundance of chromophoric DOM (CDOM) but did not cause significant changes in the fluorescence optical characteristics. In addition, the effect of Trophic state index (TSI) on the CDOM abundance was greater than that on the fluorescence intensity of fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM). In the water body with both salinity and trophic state gradients, TSI posed a greater influence than salinity on the CDOM abundance. Our results fill the research gap in spatiotemporal DOM characteristics and water quality variation in water bodies with both salinity and trophic state gradients. These results are beneficial for clarifying the joint influence of saline intrusion and sluices on the DOM characteristics and water quality in sluice-controlled coastal plain rivers.     

环境风险评价中若干问题探讨

社会经济的高速发展,也诱发了新的环境风险可能性的发生,特别是近年来的多种环境风险灾害事故的发生已引起了各国和国际组织的普遍关注。环境风险评价与环境风险管理已成为保护生态环境、维护公众健康的重要内容和制定决策的重要依据。文章结合目前环境风险评价的发展,探讨有关两大类环境风险评价(突发性与非突发性)以及环境风险评价与安全评价的区别,环境风险评价评估标准以及环境风险评价与城市环境管理的一些问题。     

2000年北京大气中SO2浓度削减50%的健康效益—人力资本法实例研究

人力资本法是评估环境污染健康损害价值（或治理污染的健康效益）的常用方法，但在发达国家，它逐渐被隐含价格法等所取代。本文通过实例研究，探讨了人力资本法在我国目前的适用性，研究结果表明，当使用流行病学关于疾病负担的计量方法（ＹＰＬＬ）时，人力资本法在我国有很大的适用性。     

Climate Change and Energy Technologies

The long time scale of the climate change problem and the inherent nature of the carbon cycle bring important implications for present technology development efforts. Even if major technology improvements are achieved for non-carbon-emitting technologies such as energy-intensity improvements, wind, solar, biomass, and nuclear over the course of the 21^st century, most examinations of potential future greenhouse emissions conclude that additional technology development will be required to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations. The evelopment of an expanded suite of technologies including carbon capture and disposal, hydrogen systems and biotechnology hold the potential to dramatically reduce the cost of stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations. This paper examines these technologies in the context of a global integrated assessment model of energy, agriculture, land-use, economics, and carbon cycle processes.     

海南省集约化种植园中谷物、蔬菜和水果中重金属累积程度及健康风险

集约化种植园中植物有害元素的累积会危及人类健康.本研究共采集海南省典型集约化种植园中谷物、蔬菜和水果样品673份.分析了7种重金属（Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、As和Hg）的分布特征,并采用单因子指数和内梅罗指数进行污染物评价.同时,结合中国营养学会推荐的日常膳食摄入量,分析重金属的膳食暴露风险.结果表明,673件农作物的Cu、As和Hg含量均低于国家食品限量标准,Pb、Zn、Cr和Cd的超标率分别为2.67%、3.71%、2.53%和3.71%.6类农作物的重金属综合污染程度表现为：叶类蔬菜 > 薯类 > 非叶类蔬菜类 > 豆类 > 水果 > 谷类.其中,叶类蔬菜中Cr的风险系数（HQ）显著高于其它类型农作物,并且大于1,表明通过叶类蔬菜摄入重金属具有潜在健康风险.薯类、非叶菜蔬菜类、豆类、水果类和谷类农作物的危害指数（HI）较低,表明这几类农作物更适合集约化生产模式.