生命周期评价应用中应注意的问题

生命周期评价起始于20世纪60年代末,主要用于企业产品开发,环境政策制定和环境产品消费。经过几十年的研究,生命周期评价发展迅速,但是仍不成熟。从前期准备到结果解释,针对应用过程中需要注意的问题,进行初步探讨,并提出建议,以促进生命周期评价的发展。     

浅谈遥感解译技术在生态环境状况评价中的应用

简述了遥感解译这一新兴学科的技术特点,以及它在生态环境状况监测和评价中所起的重要作用。详细介绍了利用遥感解译手段对影像进行处理的技术流程和方法,提出了用来判定生态环境状况的各类生态指数的计算方法。     

Discourses of Place: Environmental Interpretation about Vermont Forests

Motivated by a lack of scholarly attention to the substance of interpretive messages and materials, this study examines discursive aspects of interpretative brochures available at forest recreation and tourism sites in Vermont, United States. Directive statements that instruct and guide visitor experiences—and the discourses to which they contribute—were analyzed for content, form, and meaning. Across the interpretive brochures, four broad discourses were identified: the natural forest, the recreational forest, the productive forest, and the dependent forest. Consideration of intertextuality revealed a fifth, hybrid discourse that linked forests to meanings of Vermont as a distinctive place. The convergence of these discourses across the set of brochures gives insight into the ways interpretation serves to both direct individual visitor experiences at particular sites, and to influence the development of larger-scale place meanings.     

基于相似集合预报技术的臭氧预报释用研究

利用相似集合预报技术（AnEn）,采用2a的睿图-化学子系统（RMAPS-CHEM）历史预报结果和观测资料,对2018年6月1日~9月30日模式在京津冀地区13个城市共70个国控站点逐小时预报的O₃浓度进行了释用订正研究,结果表明：随着集合成员数的增加,AnEn方法的预报效果呈现出先上升后下降的趋势,并且越过临界集合成员数后,预报效果逐渐降低,因此确定14为最优集合成员数.不同预报因子的权重敏感性不同,其中以RMAPS-CHEM本身预报的O₃权重最高,其它依次为2m温度、2m相对湿度、10m风速和边界层高度.经过AnEn方法的释用订正,有效降低了O₃浓度的预报误差.AnEn方法对O₃浓度的时空变化趋势以及浓度值大小都有很好的订正效果,从所有站点的检验结果来看,AnEn方法订正后的O₃浓度与观测值之间的相关系数较模式结果提升68.6%,均方根误差降低25%.AnEn方法对O₃预报释用订正的效果存在明显的区域特征和日变化特征,白天时段对预报的提升主要集中在京津冀东部地区和大城市地区,夜间主要是在城市地区更加显著;AnEn方法夜间的订正效果优于白天,部分站点夜间提升效果（相关系数）超过250%.AnEn方法订正后的O₃概率密度函数整体更接近实况,特别是在O₃的低值区（35μg/m³以下）和高值区（200μg/m³以上）订正效果更佳.针对典型O₃污染过程中北京、天津、石家庄3个城市的对比检验表明,AnEn方法在0~48h的预报时效内表现优于48~96h.不同城市体现出一定的区域差异,天津最优,北京和石家庄次之.AnEn方法对RMAPS-CHEM预报的O₃浓度订正效果整体改善明显,可以在区域光化学污染数值预报工作中进行更加广泛的应用.     

Combining Accuracy Assessment of Land-Cover Maps with Environmental Monitoring Programs

A scientifically valid accuracy assessment of a large-area, land-cover map is expensive. Environmental monitoring programs offer a potential source of data to partially defray the cost of accuracy assessment while still maintaining the statistical validity. In this article, three general strategies for combining accuracy assessment and environmental monitoring protocols are described. These strategies range from a fully integrated accuracy assessment and environmental monitoring protocol, to one in which the protocols operate nearly independently. For all three strategies, features critical to using monitoring data for accuracy assessment include compatibility of the land-cover classification schemes, precisely co-registered sample data, and spatial and temporal compatibility of the map and reference data. Two monitoring programs, the National Resources Inventory (NRI) and the Forest Inventory and Monitoring (FIM), are used to illustrate important features for implementing a combined protocol.     

湖北省2005-2009年生态环境状况评价分析

利用遥感解译数据分析了湖北省2005—2009年的土地利用变化,同时根据《生态环境状况评价技术规范(试行)》(HJ/T 192—2006),对该区域生态环境状况进行综合评价,对生态环境指标变化情况进行对比分析。结果表明,2005—2009年湖北省的生态环境状况均为良好,生态环境状况指数保持在70左右。这期间指数值变化主要受水网密度指数和环境质量指数影响,变化幅度均小于2,属于无明显变化级别。     

新颁行业排放标准解读

基于对2008年新颁布的7个行业12个污染物排放标准与原执行排放标准的比较,总结了新标准制定的特点,指出新标准执行的关键是充分掌握企业所处的地理位置、建厂时间、生产工艺、污染物排放去向等。提出正确选用标准、监测能力的开发、监管的加强是执行新标准时尚须解决的问题。     

浅谈环境监管人员如何解读渎职司法解释研究

文章结合两高关于渎职司法解释,探讨环境监管人员的依法履职。首先简明扼要地阐述了《解释》关于滥用职权罪、玩忽职守罪的定罪量刑标准等9个方面的内容,并就失误、失职、渎职和徇私舞敝的概念进行了分析与鉴别,最后重点论述了环境监管人员在环境监管与应急管理工作中环境监管失职罪、滥用职权罪、玩忽职守罪以及企业涉嫌污染环境罪的定义、主体、时效等适用《解释》的情况,并对环境污染经济损失认定和涉嫌犯罪案件的移送进行了探讨。     

Evaluation model for developing,implementing, and assessing conservation education programs: Examples from Belize and Costa Rica

Evaluation of conservation education programs can: (1) provide accountability in demonstrating a program's worth, (2) offer an opportunity for receiving feedback and improving programs, (3) further our understanding of the process of program development, and (4) promote conservation education by substantiating claims about its benefits. The Planning-Process-Product systems evaluation model provides feedback needed for making decisions about the development, implementation, and outcome of a program. Planning evaluation was useful in assessing the needs, goals, opportunities, and constraints of a number of programs in Costa Rica and Belize, such as a forestry education project and a zoo outreach program. It provided a basis for making planning decisions incorporating specific objectives, such as the reforestation of a region or a change in knowledge and attitudes in program participants. Process evaluation provided a Costa Rican sustainable development program with feedback during its implementation and enabled it to modify and improve its newsletter for local farmers and its ecology classes for school children. Product evaluation assessed project accomplishments, such as the $700,000 raised by the Children's Rainforest group and the 20 miles of riparian land under conservation management as part of the Belize Community Baboon Sanctuary project. Outcomes are compared with the programs original monetary or land management objectives to determine the success of the programs and to provide feedback for improvement.     

利用 TM1∶10万卫星图象研究四川富顺——南溪地区土地利用现状及开发途径

土地资源是国家基本资源之一。土地利用状况反映在一个地区土地开垦的指数、土地利用方向、土壤类型、水土流失、植被及覆盖面积、水体类型及覆盖面积等方面,而各种土壤、植被和水体,对日光或不同波长电磁波,有不同的反射、透射和发射特征,在卫片上表现为不同的信息。利用 TM 图象,可区分地表各种土壤、植被和水体的分布,掌握一个地区土地利用现状,制定正确的开发途径。