城市公园对城市热岛的影响及三维分析--以广州市主城区为例

随着城市的快速发展,城市热岛（UHI）问题越来越突出,如何缓解城市发展所带来的热岛效应加剧,提高居民健康生活质量,改善人居环境,已成为全民关注的重点生态环境问题。在高度发达的城市区域,绿地对城市热岛具有明显的降温效应,因此对其进行定量研究具有重要意义。文章基于遥感和 GIS 的方法,通过热环境反演和空间统计分析,以广州市主城区30块主要城市公园为研究对象,分别从城市绿地形态、城市绿地缓冲区和热环境三维分析3个方面研究了城市绿地对城市热岛的影响。结果显示：城市绿地形态（面积,周长,形状指数）与公园的温度具有较强的对数相关性,并且随着三者的增大,绿地内部均温和最低温度均降低,并且呈现“饱和”趋势;通过对城市公园斑块建立3个缓冲区（120、240、360 m）,并进行缓冲区内的均温统计发现,30个城市公园的温度变化呈现出3种情形,即自内向外变高、变低和不变;最后,为了更好的解释上述3种情形,引入三维热环境分析,对3种情形分别选取代表性公园进行分析,总结其空间分布规律,结合相关数据对产生的这种结果进行了简要分析。本文的主要创新点,在对城市公园与热环境关系传统分析的基础上,引入三维的分析方法,能够更加清晰的展示二者的关系,为未来的相关研究提供一定的借鉴。     

浅谈大型地下商场安全岛的设置

目前大型地下商场出口难以满足安全疏散的要求。通过分析大型地下商场火灾和烟气的特点 ,提出了设置安全岛的构思 ,并分析了安全岛的功能及其设置要求。最后在地下扁平大空间实体火灾实验的基础上 ,应用安全岛对某大型地下商场安全疏散进行了性能化设计     

A case study of urban heat islands in the Carolinas

Urbanization tends to aggravate the negative effects of climate. The objective of this research is to aid in the understanding of the spatial variation of urban heat islands within selected cities in North and South Carolina. This understanding will help guide efforts to cool cities in order to increase human comfort, conserve energy and resources, and reduce air pollution in both of these states.     

Estimating Hydraulic Properties of Volcanic Aquifers Using Constant‐Rate and Variable‐Rate Aquifer Tests1

Abstract: In recent years the ground‐water demand of the population of the island of Maui, Hawaii, has significantly increased. To ensure prudent management of the ground‐water resources, an improved understanding of ground‐water flow systems is needed. At present, large‐scale estimations of aquifer properties are lacking for Maui. Seven analytical methods using constant‐rate and variable‐rate withdrawals for single wells provide an estimate of hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity for 103 wells in central Maui. Methods based on constant‐rate tests, although not widely used on Maui, offer reasonable estimates. Step‐drawdown tests, which are more abundantly used than other tests, provide similar estimates as constant‐rate tests. A numerical model validates the suitability of analytical solutions for step‐drawdown tests and additionally provides an estimate of storage parameters. The results show that hydraulic conductivity is log‐normally distributed and that for dike‐free volcanic rocks it ranges over several orders of magnitude from 1 to 2,500 m/d. The arithmetic mean, geometric mean, and median values of hydraulic conductivity are respectively 520, 280, and 370 m/d for basalt and 80, 50, and 30 m/d for sediment. A geostatistical approach using ordinary kriging yields a prediction of hydraulic conductivity on a larger scale. Overall, the results are in agreement with values published for other Hawaiian islands.     

Impacts of environmental factors on urban heating

This study investigated the impact of important environmental variables (i.e.,wind speed,solar radiation and cloud cover) on urban heating.Meteorological parameters for fifteen years (from 1990 to 2005),collected at a well developed and densely populated commercial area (Tsim Sha Tsui,Hong Kong),were analyzed in details.Urban heat island intensity (UHII),a well known indicator of urban heating,has been determined as the spatially averaged air-temperature difference between Tsim Sha Tsui and Ta Kwu Ling (a thinly populated rural area with lush vegetation).Results showed that the UHII and cloud cover have increased by around 9.3% and 4%,respectively,whereas the wind speed and solar radiation have decreased by around 24% and 8.5%,respectively.The month of December experienced the highest UHII (10.2°C) but the lowest wind speed (2.6 m/sec) and cloud cover (3.8 oktas).Conversely,the month of April observed the highest increases in the UHII (over 100%) and the highest decreases in wind speed (over 40 %) over fifteen years.Notably,the increases in the UHII and reductions in the wind speed were the highest during the night-time and early morning.Conversely,the intensity of solar radiation reduced while the intensity of urban cool island (UCII) increased during solar noon-time.Results demonstrated strong negative correlation between the UHII and wind speed (coefficient of determination,R2=0.8) but no negative correlation between UCII and solar radiation attenuation.A possible negative correlation between UHII and cloud cover was investigated but could not be substantiated.     

基于Landsat TM/ETM+的天津城区及滨海新区热岛效应时空变化研究

利用1987年、1998年、2004年和2008年4景Landsat TM/ETM+数据的热红外波段数据反演天津市地表亮温,并对绝对亮温值进行归一化处理得到相对亮温。通过对相对亮温分布图进行时空分析可知,自1987年到2008年,天津市热岛效应主要发生在中心城区、滨海新区以及道路沿线等区域。热岛范围在加大,强度也在增加。中心城区热岛效应不断加剧,滨海新区的热岛效应则从无到有,从弱到强,变化十分明显。并分析了热岛现象产生和异常的原因,有降水变化、农作物收割、公路建设和建成区增加。     

快速城市化进程中海岛景观格局变化研究

以厦门岛为例,通过一般景观格局分析指标和特殊景观格局分析指标,研究城市化进程中海岛生态景观格局的变化以及人工景观对自然景观的胁迫作用.结果显示:从1987年至2004年,人工景观对自然景观的胁迫作用迅速增加;厦门岛建成区占海岛面积的比例迅速增长,而斑块数量明显减少;厦门岛景观多样性迅速下降,同时破碎度指数和优势度迅速提高;受到海岸带开发活动影响,海岛岸线趋向平滑,海岛形状逐步趋向圆形;厦门岛人工景观对自然景观的胁迫程度逐步升高,城市化侵蚀指数也快速提高.     

海岛可持续发展评价模型及其应用——以长海县为例

借鉴陆域可持续发展指标体系的思路,结合海岛的特征,从生存支持、环境支持、社会支持、发展支持、智力支持五个层面选取指标,构建海岛可持续发展的评价指标体系及其评价模型,并以长海县作为样本,进行海岛可持续发展的评价分析。结果表明长海县可持续发展综合能力在不断增强;在长海县可持续发展支持系统中,可持续发展实现程度最高的是社会支持系统,实现程度最低的是智力支持系统;智力支持系统发展水平较低在一定程度上限制了长海县可持续发展综合能力的提高,是造成目前长海县可持续发展处于中等水平的主要原因。     

西北中等城市热岛效应变化特征——以天水市为例

为探索西北部中等城市的城市热岛效应规律,利用2004—2010年天水市城、郊自动气象站资料,对天水市城、郊温度差异进行了系统分析。结果表明:天水市城区热岛效应比较显著;冬季是热岛现象最强的季节,夏季是热岛现象最弱的季节;城区热岛现象持续时间为18:00—10:00,占全天的2/3,最大强度达1.5℃;城区凉岛持续时间为11:00—17:00,占全天的1/3,最大强度为0.3℃;地面温度城、郊差比气温更大,40cm以下城区地温全年大于郊区;降雪日及连阴雨天气的中后期,城区基本上维持凉岛;强降温天气下,城、郊气温变化基本一致,差别不大。     

D60钢在模拟海岛环境中腐蚀产物的红外光谱研究

目的以弹药金属元件的主要材料之一D60钢为样品,在模拟海岛环境的高湿、高盐雾条件下研究D60钢的腐蚀过程。方法利用红外光谱法(IR)对腐蚀产物进行表征。结果腐蚀层中含有吸附水,在腐蚀的初期,腐蚀产物主要有γ-Fe OOH和δ-Fe OOH,但是随着腐蚀的继续,产物中出现α-Fe OOH,同时δ-Fe OOH逐渐减少至完全消失,在腐蚀的后期出现了Fe3O4,有Cl-参与下的腐蚀,腐蚀产物主要有α-Fe OOH,γ-Fe OOH和部分少量的δ-Fe OOH。结论 Cl-的加入加速了基体金属的腐蚀。