海岛地区非常规水资源开发利用现状及保障对策研究

中国海岛众多,且多数海岛属于丘陵区,普遍存在水资源紧缺的问题.非常规水资源可以增加水资源供给,将是海岛地区解决水资源危机的重要途径.本文通过分析海岛地区海水淡化,主要介绍了海水淡化应用现状、存在的问题和不足,探讨了雨水利用的方法,包括雨水收集、存在的问题和不足,对污水回用进行了探讨,对非常水资源的开发利用现状及存在的问题,提出了海岛地区开发利用非常规水资源的保障对策,为海岛地区水资源可持续利用提供了参考.     

Disaster risk insurance and catastrophe models in risk‐prone small Caribbean islands

Post‐catastrophe recovery and financial liquidity have long challenged small Caribbean islands. These states are vulnerable to multifarious natural hazards that often cause considerable socioeconomic dislocation. Such events inflict heavy losses on businesses and households, and significantly disrupt all aspects of government operations. After Hurricane Ivan devastated the economies of some islands in September 2004—with estimated losses of as much as 200 per cent of gross domestic product in some cases—regional governments, aided by the World Bank and international donors, approved the creation of a regional catastrophe insurance scheme. This parametric‐based mechanism is underpinned by derivatives‐based catastrophe modelling whose outputs determine policy triggers and pay outs. Hazard models, particularly catastrophe models, are not widely accepted as yet. Despite recent advancements, major concerns have rendered them peripheral tools for many establishments. This paper reviews the region's vulnerabilities and examines constraints on the application of these models and suggests a means of improving their efficacy and acceptability.     

地理特征、人口分布及用电负荷对深圳城市热岛效应的影响分析

利用自动站气温资料计算了深圳市的城市热岛强度,并分析了海陆分布、人口密度、道路占地面积百分比及用电负荷等因素对深圳城市热岛效应的影响.结果表明,海陆分布是决定深圳城市热岛强度空间分布格局的主要因子,深圳东西两侧海洋的气候调节作用使得热岛强度相对较低,而中部地区南临香港陆地,海洋调节作用较弱,使得这部分地区成为深圳城市热岛的中心.人口密度和道路占地面积百分比对深圳城市热岛强度空间分布格局均有影响,它们与城市热岛强度之间的相关性显著（p〈0.01）,但道路占地百分比最密集的地区,城市热岛强度值却并不高,这可能与该区域较大的年平均风速有关.对2011年和2010年的数据进行对比分析,发现电力负荷对深圳城市热岛强度有着非常明显的影响,2011年深圳年平均城市热岛强度的增加,极有可能是由于2011年冬季更冷夏季更热导致用电负荷增加而造成的.     

Identifying climate change refugia for South American biodiversity

Refugia-based conservation offers long-term effectiveness and minimize uncertainty on strategies for climate change adaptation. We used distribution modelling to identify climate change refugia for 617 terrestrial mammals and to quantify the role of protected areas (PAs) in providing refugia across South America. To do so, we compared species potential distribution across different scenarios of climate change, highlighting those regions likely to retain suitable climatic conditions by year 2090, and explored the proportion of refugia inside PAs. Moist tropical forests in high-elevation areas with complex topography concentrated the highest local diversity of species refugia, although regionally important refugia centers occurred elsewhere. Andean–Amazon forests contained climate change refugia for more than half of the continental species’ pool and for up to 87 species locally (17 × 17 km² grid cell). The highlands of the southern Atlantic Forest also included megadiverse refugia for up to 76 species per cell. Almost half of the species that may find refugia in the Atlantic Forest will do so in a single region—the Serra do Mar and Serra do Espinhaço. Most of the refugia we identified, however, were not in PAs, which may contain <6% of the total area of climate change refugia, leaving 129–237 species with no refugia inside the territorial limits of PAs of any kind. Our results reveal a dismal scenario for the level of refugia protection in some of the most biodiverse regions of the world. Nonetheless, because refugia tend to be in high-elevation, topographically complex, and remote areas, with lower anthropogenic pressure, formally protecting them may require a comparatively modest investment.     

Cyclone disaster vulnerability and response experiences in coastal Bangladesh

For generations, cyclones and tidal surges have frequently devastated lives and property in coastal and island Bangladesh. This study explores vulnerability to cyclone hazards using first‐hand coping recollections from prior to, during and after these events. Qualitative field data suggest that, beyond extreme cyclone forces, localised vulnerability is defined in terms of response processes, infrastructure, socially uneven exposure, settlement development patterns, and livelihoods. Prior to cyclones, religious activities increase and people try to save food and valuable possessions. Those in dispersed settlements who fail to reach cyclone shelters take refuge in thatched‐roof houses and big‐branch trees. However, women and children are affected more despite the modification of traditional hierarchies during cyclone periods. Instinctive survival strategies and intra‐community cooperation improve coping post cyclone. This study recommends that disaster reduction programmes encourage cyclone mitigation while being aware of localised realities, endogenous risk analyses, and coping and adaptation of affected communities (as active survivors rather than helpless victims).     

电镀锌镍合金与热渗锌涂层热带海洋大气环境腐蚀规律对比分析

目的 解决钢铁表面金属涂层在热带海洋大气环境中易腐蚀损伤或失效的问题,选择对热带海洋大气环境耐腐蚀性能优良的金属涂层,提高钢铁工件的使用寿命。方法 在某热带海域进行户外暴露试验,对钢铁试片电镀锌镍合金和热渗锌2种金属涂层的腐蚀规律进行研究。通过扫描电镜、X射线能谱仪、光学显微镜、划格试验等,对锌镍合金镀层和热渗锌涂层的表面形貌、化学成分、截面形貌、涂层厚度及附着力等分别进行观察与测试。结果 电镀锌镍合金镀层主要发生选择性腐蚀和点蚀,在720d内具有较好的腐蚀防护性能。热渗锌层以均匀腐蚀为主,涂层微裂纹促进了腐蚀,在90 d内基体无腐蚀,360～720 d涂层的腐蚀速率较快。结论 在采用的2种金属涂层工艺中,电镀锌镍合金镀层的耐腐蚀性能远优于热渗锌涂层。相对于该热渗锌涂层,电镀锌镍合金镀层更加适合作为钢铁工件金属涂层在该海域大气环境中长期使用。     

秦山岛周边海域春季浮游植物群落结构特征

于2016年4月对秦山岛周边海域5个断面20个站位浮游植物进行调查,共鉴定出浮游植物5门84种,平均密度1.10×10^5个/m^3,优势类群硅藻(70种)平均密度为8.75×10^4个/m^3,甲藻9种,平均密度为8.10×10^3个/m^3;优势种主要为琼氏圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus jonesianus)(Y=0.095)、星脐圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus asteromphalus)(Y=0.087)、针状蓝纤维藻(Dactylococcopsis acicularis)(Y=0.087)、中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)(Y=0.070)、夜光藻(Noctiluca scientillans)(Y=0.058)、刚毛根管藻(Rhizosolenia setigera)(Y=0.051)等11种;多样性指数平均值为2.76,种类分布相对均匀。受沿岸4条河口淡水径流及营养元素输入影响,靠近河口的C、D断面浮游植物密度较高,琼氏圆筛藻、星脐圆筛藻、中肋骨条藻、针状蓝纤维藻等具有较高优势度,但密度较低,赤潮风险较低;各断面优势种组成存在一定更迭。     

基于防冲的孤岛工作面分类及应用研究

针对目前煤矿孤岛工作面冲击地压类型复杂且治理缺乏针对性的问题,提出了“分类防治”的思路,围绕导致孤岛工作面冲击的高应力这一本质原因,并综合考虑覆岩运动、地质构造、开采、空间等因素,基于防冲对孤岛工作面进行分类;将孤岛工作面分为充分采动、非充分采动、充分-非充分采动、立体、“隐性”和复合型6种类型;将该分类方法应用于孤岛工作面采前冲击危险性评估,并根据评估结果对孤岛工作面冲击地压实施分类防治。研究结果表明:该分类方法可有效控制孤岛工作面冲击地压灾害。     

Grouping and representativeness of monitoring stations based on wind speed and wind direction data in urban areas of Japan

Data on wind speed and wind direction from 27 air pollution monitoring stations in an urban area of Japan were analyzed and studied for the future assessment of the urban heat island phenomenon. A cluster analysis clarified the regionality of the wind speed and wind direction. In the study area, land and sea breeze developed and controlled the wind direction. On the other hand, the mountain and valley wind should be studied to determine their typical behavior.     

城市化对长江下游沿江城市气温影响的对比研究——以安庆、芜湖、南京为例

利用线性趋势法与滑动平均法对比分析了安庆、芜湖及南京的年平均气温、年平均最高气温及年平均最低气温所表征的热岛效应强度变化趋势,基于主成分分析建立起热岛强度与城市发展指数的关系模型。结果表明:(1)城市规模的大小与年平均气温及年平均最低气温所表征的热岛强度变率的大小成反比关系,而中等城市的年平均最高气温所表征的热岛强度变率最大,小城市次之,大城市最小。(2)热岛强度与城市发展指数之间均以三次回归模型的拟合效果最好,中等城市的热岛强度与城市发展指数的拟合曲线符合库兹涅茨曲线特征,而小城市和大城市则并不完全符合。(3)经济水平、城市人口密度及能源消耗是安庆市热岛效应的主要影响因子;城镇人口比重、经济水平及城市生态条件是芜湖市热岛效应的主要影响因子;城市人口、经济水平、土地利用状况、能源消耗及城市的生态条件均是南京热岛效应的主要影响因子。