某海岛环境下典型机载设备防护涂层耐老化性试验研究

目的研究某海岛环境下6类典型机载设备表面涂层的耐老化性能。方法在某海岛环境开展6类典型机载设备表面涂层的户外和棚下暴露试验,试验时间为3年,分别通过测试外观、光泽度、色差研究其老化特点。结果户外试验相比棚下试验,所有试验样品均表现出更加明显的性能退化,在光泽度变化方面,C1和C6变化最小,在色差变化方面,C4变化最小。结论在机载设备选用涂层材料时,注重光泽度优先选用C1和C6,注重保持颜色优选C4。     

广西海域海岛海岸带整治修复工程管理研究

近几年来,在中央分成的海域使用金支持下,广西重点实施一批海域海岛海岸带整治修复工程项目,着力解决海岛海岸资源自然景观受损、生态功能退化和环境质量恶化等环境问题,旨在改善海洋生态环境,提升海洋资源价值.文章通过对已实施的整治修复工程项目进行实地调研、总结,分析其实施过程中存在的管理层面和技术层面的问题,并提出改进建议,为整治修复工程项目的更好开展提供依据参考.     

Detecting Biodiversity Hotspots by Species-Area Relationships: a Case Study of Mediterranean Beetles

Abstract:  Any method of identifying hotspots should take into account the effect of area on species richness. I examined the importance of the species-area relationship in determining tenebrionid (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) hotspots on the Aegean Islands (Greece). Thirty-two islands and 170 taxa (species and subspecies) were included in this study. I tested several species-area relationship models with linear and nonlinear regressions, including power, exponential, negative exponential, logistic, Gompertz, Weibull, Lomolino, and He-Legendre functions. Islands with positive residuals were identified as hotspots. I also analyzed the values of the C parameter of the power function and the simple species-area ratios. Species richness was significantly correlated with island area for all models. The power function model was the most convenient one. Most functions, however, identified certain islands as hotspots. The importance of endemics in insular biotas should be evaluated carefully because they are of high conservation concern. The simple use of the species-area relationship can be problematic when areas with no endemics are included. Therefore the importance of endemics should be evaluated according to different methods, such as percentages, to take into account different levels of endemism and different kinds of "endemics" (e.g., endemic to single islands vs. endemic to the archipelago). Because the species-area relationship is a key pattern in ecology, my findings can be applied at broader scales.     

Evaluation of Biogeographic Classification Schemes for Conservation Planning: Application to New Zealand's Coastal Marine Environment

Abstract:  For many regions worldwide, multiple and often contrasting biogeographic classifications exist that are derived from a variety of taxa and techniques. This presents a challenge for managers who must choose appropriate large-scale spatial frameworks for systematic conservation planning. We demonstrate how systematically collected community data can be used to evaluate existing biogeographic classifications, identify the most appropriate metric for biogeographic patterns seen in other taxonomic groups, and develop an independent biogeographic classification scheme for systematic conservation planning. We evaluated 6 existing biogeographic classifications for New Zealand's nearshore marine environment with community-similarity metrics derived from abundance and presence–absence data for macroalgae (107 species) and mobile macroinvertebrates (44 species). The concordance between community metrics and the previous classifications was high, as indicated by a high multivariate classification success (CS) (74.3–98.3%). Subsequently, we carried out an independent classification analysis on each community metric to identify biogeographic units within a hierarchical spatial framework. The classification derived from macroalgal presence–absence data achieved the highest CS and could be used as a mesoscale classification scheme in which 11 regional groupings (i.e., bioregions) (CS = 73.8–84.8%) are nested within northern and southern biogeographic provinces (CS = 90.3–98.7%). These techniques can be used in systematic conservation planning to inform the design of representative and comprehensive networks of marine protected areas through evaluation of the current coverage of marine reserves in each bioregion. Currently, 0.22% of the territorial sea around mainland New Zealand is protected in no-take marine protected areas in which 0–1.5% of each bioregion represented.     

长江岸线与岛屿演化的空间分形研究--以江苏段为例

根据分形理论,采用网格和面积周长两种分形维数计算方法,以遥感卫星影像为主要数据源,在GIS支持下,计算了长江江苏段5个时相的岸线和岛屿空间分布的分形维数,探讨了其中所隐含的地理含义,认为长江江苏段岸线和江中岛屿都具有分形性质,分维数的变化可以反映它们的稳定程度;比较了不同量测方法、不同标度、不同比例尺下长江江苏段岸线的长度,认为岸线长度的值是不确定的。     

Understanding the role of chronic environmental disturbance in the context of island biogeographic theory

Island biogeographic theory offers a powerful conceptual framework for understanding and managing insular diversity. The human impact on insular environments is constantly growing, especially because of tourism. We performed a simulation study aimed at improving the understanding of the role of disturbance in islands. We also built an individual-oriented computer model of an archipelago subjected to chronic disturbance of varying degree. Results are discussed in the light of island biogeographic theory. Relevant results show the importance of autoecological characteristics of the species considered, regarding the attainment of equilibrium and the species-area relationship in both disturbed and undisturbed cases. The possibility of bias in the predictions of the equilibrium model is pointed out. Fundamental criticisms concerning the ecological relevance of the equilibrium theory are discussed.     

DETRITUS ABUNDANCE AND BENTHIC INVERTEBRATE CATCH IN ARTIFICIAL SUBSTRATE SAMPLES FROM MOUNTAIN STREAMS1

ABSTRACT: Artificial substrates were designed using rock filled polyethylene bags which were perforated with holes. The substrates trapped waterborne sediment and detritus which enhanced microhabitat complexity. Colonization was compared in side-by-side tests with multiple plate samplers in mountain streams ranging from second to seventh order. After 41 days the bag samples contained more sediment and detritus and more animals than did multiple plates. Plastic bags exceeded multiple plate samples by a factor of nearly 8 for individuals and 1.5 for taxa expressed as numbers/sampler. Although detritus amounts differed significantly between samplers, catch composition was similar in habitat preference and functional groups. Most taxa were “lotic erosional” or “lotic erosional-depositional” detritivores. The plastic bags better represented the streambed fauna judged by their greater similarity to dip net samples. Bag samplers had 4.5 × the colonization area of multiple plates, hence would be expected to support more species. Catch/m² of colonization area was not significantly different between samplers. Functionally the plastic bags act as detritus retention devices, offering a diverse, highly dynamic microhabitat for colonization. Results are interpretable in terms of research on microdistribution of stream benthos and the river continuum model. This study supports the conclusion that stream benthos abundance and diversity are related to the amount of detritus. Maximum diversity and numbers of individuals occurred in samples from third and fourth order streams. Grazers reached peak abundances in the same streams where the continuum model predicts P>R Shredders reached maximum abundances in third and fourth order streams where the riparian canopy was greatest. Predator abundance changed little with stream size. Although bag samples required more sorting time, the samplers are catch effective, inexpensive, and adaptable.     

Human impact on beach and foredune microclimate on North Padre Island,Texas

The microclimate of beach and foredune areas of North Padre Island along the mid-Texas coast was found to be greatly modified by vehicular and pedestrian traffic during investigations made from late fall to early summer 1973–74. The primary effect of human activity on microclimate was expressed as reduced cover and species diversity of the vegetation. As the intensity of human activity increased, elevation, especially of areas near the beach, was decreased, whereas average wind velocities near the ground surface, evaporation, atmospheric salinity near the ground surface, wind-carried sand particles near the ground surface, soil salinity, soil pH, average soil temperature and range in temperature, soil bulk density, and soil-water contents were increased.     

孤岛工作面支承压力影响下顶板破坏机理研究

为了探讨孤岛工作面支承压力影响下顶板破坏机理,通过采用理论分析,建立薄板力学模型,对孤岛工作面顶板弯矩分布规律进行分析,并结合实验室数值模拟手段对工作面顶板支承压力集中系数及顶板围岩塑性区演变规律进行研究。研究结果表明:在支承压力作用下,随着推进距离的增大,顶板支承压力集中系数呈现增大的趋势;工作面顶板煤壁中部弯矩显著大于煤壁两侧弯矩,该结果合理解释了工作面方向上支架工作阻力不相等的规律;顶板断裂的塑性区演变特征存在时空效应及力学特征,顶板四周所形成的横向“O”型破断与横向“X”型破断,共同构成了顶板破断的横“O-X”破断形式。     

城市的低空气温分布特征及其对大气污染物扩散的影响

本文从城市热岛和城市逆温两个相互联系的不同侧面，分析城市低空气温的分布特征，并结合城市实际污染分布特征，讨论这种局地城市小气候效应对城市大气污染的形成以及对大气污染物扩散的影响，认为热岛效应以及由此引起的对低空温度层结和局地风场影响等的小气候效应是形成城市大气污染分布特征的主要气象原因。