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31.
Island species are difficult to conserve because they face the synergy of climate change, invasive species, deforestation, and increasing human population densities in areas where land mass is shrinking. The Caribbean island of Hispaniola presents particular challenges because of geopolitical complexities that span 2 countries and hinder coordinated management of species across the island. We employed species distribution modeling to evaluate the impacts of climatic change and anthropogenic activities on the distribution of an endemic mammal of conservation concern, the Hispaniolan solenodon (Solenodon paradoxus). We aggregated occurrence points for this poorly known species for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the present (1975–2016) based on museum collections, online biodiversity databases, and new field surveys. We quantified degree of overlap between periods and scenarios with Schoener's D. Through a conservation paleobiology lens, we found that over time humans played an increasing role in shaping the distribution of S. paradoxus, thus, providing a foundation for developing conservation strategies on appropriate spatiotemporal scales. Human population density was the single most important predictor of S. paradoxus occurrence. Densities >166 people/km2 corresponded to a near-zero probability of occurrence. Models that accounted for climate but not anthropogenic variables falsely identified suitable habitat in Haiti, where on-the-ground surveys confirm habitat is unavailable. Climate-only models also significantly overestimated the potential for habitat connectivity between isolated populations. Our work highlights that alternative fates for S. paradoxus in the Anthropocene exist across the political border between the Dominican Republic and Haiti due to the fundamentally different economic and political realities of each country. Relationships in the fossil record confirm that Hispaniola's sociopolitical boundary is not biologically significant but instead represents one imposed on the island's fauna in the past 500 years by colonial activity. Our approach reveals how a paleontological perspective can contribute to concrete management insights. 相似文献
32.
Arian D. Wallach Erick Lundgren Chelsea Batavia Michael Paul Nelson Esty Yanco Wayne L. Linklater Scott P. Carroll Danielle Celermajer Kate J. Brandis Jamie Steer Daniel Ramp 《Conservation biology》2020,34(4):997-1007
Conservation science involves the collection and analysis of data. These scientific practices emerge from values that shape who and what is counted. Currently, conservation data are filtered through a value system that considers native life the only appropriate subject of conservation concern. We examined how trends in species richness, distribution, and threats change when all wildlife count by adding so-called non-native and feral populations to the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List and local species richness assessments. We focused on vertebrate populations with founding members taken into and out of Australia by humans (i.e., migrants). We identified 87 immigrant and 47 emigrant vertebrate species. Formal conservation accounts underestimated global ranges by an average of 30% for immigrants and 7% for emigrants; immigrations surpassed extinctions in Australia by 52 species; migrants were disproportionately threatened (33% of immigrants and 29% of emigrants were threatened or decreasing in their native ranges); and incorporating migrant populations into risk assessments reduced global threat statuses for 15 of 18 species. Australian policies defined most immigrants as pests (76%), and conservation was the most commonly stated motivation for targeting these species in killing programs (37% of immigrants). Inclusive biodiversity data open space for dialogue on the ethical and empirical assumptions underlying conservation science. 相似文献
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土壤中锌的含量异常会阻碍植物生长.海南岛地处热带地区,上壤中锌的含量为1.85~107.89mg/kg,平均31.46mg/kg;0.1mol/L盐酸提取有效锌含量0.50~9.80mg/kg,平均3.86mg/kg.玄武岩上的土壤含锌量为87.35~107.89mg/kg,滨海砂上含锌量大多不足20mg/kg,其它土类的锌含量大多在15~50mg/kg.除了个别土壤锌含量偏低外,绝大多数土壤锌含量是正常的.土壤锌含量的地理分布是:东北部地区明显高,其次是西南部,再次为西北部、中部和东南部地区,岛四周的滨海砂土地区最低.海南岛的土壤锌含量与母质种类的关系最为密切,玄武岩母质上的比花岗岩的高得多.气候条件也是影响锌含量的重要因素之一,湿润地区锌有向下淋溶的趋势.干热地区锌有上移的倾向.质地粘重的土壤含锌量往往较高.土壤有机质对锌含量的影响不明显. 相似文献
34.
The Botanist Effect Revisited: Plant Species Richness, County Area, and Human Population Size in the United States 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Abstract: The "botanist effect" is thought to be the reason for higher plant species richness in areas where botanists are disproportionately present as an artefactual consequence of a more thorough sampling. We examined whether this was the case for U.S. counties. We collated the number of species of vascular plants, human population size, and the area of U.S. counties. Controlling for spatial autocorrelation and county area, plant species richness increased with human population size and density in counties with and without universities and/or botanical gardens, with no significant differences in the relation between the two subsets. This is consistent with previous findings and further evidence of a broad-scale positive correlation between species richness and human population presence, which has important consequences for the experience of nature by inhabitants of densely populated regions. Combined with the many reports of a negative correlation between the two variables at a local scale, the positive relation between plant species richness in U.S. counties and human population presence stresses the need for the conservation of seminatural areas in urbanized ecosystems and for the containment of urban and suburban sprawl. 相似文献
35.
调查发现广州市屋顶自然生长的维管植物有49科109属128种,植物种类较多的科为菊科、禾本科、桑科、景天科、茜草科和鸭跖草科;屋顶自然生长的植物种类数量与环境受污染程度成反比,而与周围植物的多少成正比;屋顶自然生长的植物由于长期适应屋顶的极端环境,形成了的一些独特的生态生物学特征。基于上述结果配置相应的植物组合,设计适于屋顶绿化的生态系统箱、配制相应土壤并进行技术集成,观测其生长和隔热效应。同时进行空白对照、黑网荫蓬对照、生态隔热层对照、普通土壤种植区对比试验,发现生态隔热层和生态系统箱具有成本低、易维持、隔热好、景观美的效果。 相似文献
36.
Cycles of storm destruction and rebuilding of human facilities are as much a part of a predictable cycle of shoreline change
as destruction and re-establishment of landforms and wildlife habitat by natural processes. An evaluation of the human-induced
and natural geomorphic responses to three storms in two vulnerable developed areas in New Jersey reveals that storms can have
limited effect in re-establishing a natural coastal resource base of lasting significance. Reconstruction of coastal landscapes
by human action may be more rapid than natural restoration, decreasing the likelihood for geomorphic features to develop based
on natural processes. Reliance on storm processes to create new natural habitat in locations where there is human investment
in buildings and support infrastructure is not realistic unless a proactive stance is taken to include naturally-functioning
characteristics of the coastal system in reconstruction efforts. By striving to control construction of shorefront buildings
to reduce their potential for damage, managers may be taking attention away from the separate but critical issue of ensuring
that post-storm reconstruction effort include the potential for replacing loss of natural geomorphic features and wildlife
habitat. 相似文献
37.
Extinction Debt of Protected Areas in Developing Landscapes 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3
CARLOS CARROLL REED F. NOSS† PAUL C. PAQUET‡ NATHAN H. SCHUMAKER§ 《Conservation biology》2004,18(4):1110-1120
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