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71.
城市热岛是城市发展过程中遇到的难题,对人居环境造成较大影响.定量分析研究城市时空演变特征,探究热岛驱动因素,有助于为城市热岛动态变化分析提供技术支撑.论文以济南市为研究对象,采用2000年-2009年间7-8月份MODIS LST数据,分析10年间热岛变化特征.结果表明,10年间,济南城区温度明显高于郊区,热岛效应显著,并且,热核区、特高温区等区域呈现周期性扩张与收缩规律;通过提取2000年及2009年济南市人工表面与植被面积,发现2009年比2000年人工表面面积扩张33.33%,植被减少6.76%,且人工表面扩张与植被减少的区域大部分重合,这对城市热岛形成产生了一定促进作用.另一方面,通过统计分析2000年与2009年人口数量、机动车保有量、烟尘排放量数据,分析济南城市热岛驱动因素,结合城市规划建设,为缓解济南城市热岛提出参考性建议. 相似文献
72.
基于常规可获取的能源、交通、人口等统计资料,利用“自上而下”的能源清单法,研究了2010年长江三角洲(以下简称“长三角”)城市群地区各类人为热排放量及其时空分布特征.结果表明:该地区人为热排放总量为1.4′1019J/a,其中工业、交通、建筑、新陈代谢分别占75.1%、12.5%、9.9%和2.5%.上海、苏州、无锡、杭州和南京五个城市的人为热排放总量约占研究区域总量的71%.长三角城市群的人为热年平均排放通量为5.3W/m2,大部分地区介于5~30W/m2,城市高值区一般介于20~70W/m2,上海明显高于其他城市.为方便有关环境气候模式的输入,本文提供了人为热排放的网格化空间分布和简单的时间变化廓线. 相似文献
73.
Cities are developing innovative strategies to combat climate change but there remains little knowledge of the winners and losers from climate-adaptive land use planning and design. We examine the distribution of health benefits associated with land use policies designed to increase vegetation and surface reflectivity in three US metropolitan areas: Atlanta, GA, Philadelphia, PA, and Phoenix, AZ. Projections of population and land cover at the census tract scale were combined with climate models for the year 2050 at 4 km × 4 km resolution to produce future summer temperatures which were input into a comparative risk assessment framework for the temperature-mortality relationship. The findings suggest disparities in the effectiveness of urban heat management strategies by age, income, and race. We conclude that, to be most protective of human health, urban heat management must prioritize areas of greatest population vulnerability. 相似文献
74.
Abstract: Application of island biogeography theory to prediction of species extinctions resulting from habitat loss is based on the assumption that the transformed landscape matrix is completely inhospitable to the taxa considered, despite evidence demonstrating the nontrivial influence of matrix on populations within habitat remnants. The island biogeography paradigm therefore needs refining to account for specific responses of taxa to the area of habitat “islands” and to the quality of the surrounding matrix. We incorporated matrix effects into island theory by partitioning the slope (z value) of species–area relationships into two components: γ, a constant, and σ, a measure of taxon‐specific responses to each component of a heterogeneous matrix. We used our matrix‐calibrated model to predict extinction and endangerment of bird species resulting from land‐use change in 20 biodiversity hotspots and compared these predictions with observed numbers of extinct and threatened bird species. We repeated this analysis with the conventional species–area model and the countryside species–area model, considering alternative z values of 0.35 (island) or 0.22 (continental). We evaluated the relative strength of support for each of the five candidate models with Akaike's information criterion (AIC). The matrix‐calibrated model had the highest AIC weight (wi = 89.21%), which means the weight of evidence in support of this model was the optimal model given the set of candidate models and the data. In addition to being a valuable heuristic tool for assessing extinction risk, our matrix‐calibrated model also allows quantitative assessment of biodiversity benefits (and trade‐offs) of land‐management options in human‐dominated landscapes. Given that processes of secondary regeneration have become more widespread across tropical regions and are predicted to increase, our matrix‐calibrated model will be increasingly appropriate for practical conservation in tropical landscapes. 相似文献
75.
浙江省海岛旅游资源开发与可持续利用 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
浙江省拥有3061个岛屿,约占中国海岛总数的2/5,海岛旅游产品正由观光型向观光度假型提升.分析了浙江省海岛旅游资源的区域比较优势和开发的制约因素,探讨了海岛旅游资源开发与可持续利用的途径. 相似文献
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79.
新型人工浮岛流场数值模拟与结构优化分析 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
近期提出的新型人工浮岛是通过两种不同透水能力基质材料的填充在系统内部形成2个不同水流与溶解氧浓度区域,两区域的过流能力及两者之间水流交换量对系统脱氮除磷效果具有较大的影响。为实现这一新型人工浮岛基质结构设计参数的优化,进一步提高净化能力,应用数值模拟方法对不同结构条件下流场进行了模拟。模拟结果发现,影响两区域水流交换量及其过流能力的主要因素包括:基质材料的填充形状、填充深度及透水能力,其中“钟乳状”形态较“层状”填充形态人工浮岛具有更好的两区域间水流交换能力及过流能力,理论上具有更好的净化效果。根据模拟结果确定的设计参数构建小试试验系统进行对比试验研究,试验结果与数值模拟结论吻合。可见,采用数值模拟方法对人工浮岛内部水流状态进行模拟分析,能够为人工浮岛结构优化设计提供依据。 相似文献
80.
The air temperature distributions in August (summer) and December (winter) were measured in an approximately 15 × 15-km urban
area in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, in order to study the spatial distribution of the air temperature and to propose effective
measures against the heat island phenomenon. The air temperature was measured mainly by using thermometer shelters installed
in an elementary school and a junior high school. The characteristic air temperature distribution depended on the season.
The air temperature was higher inland than in the coastal region in August but was higher in the coastal region in December.
The air temperature index indicated that the area where higher air temperatures would most likely appear was 5 to 10 km inland
from the coast in August and around the coast in December. The seasonal air temperature distribution was presumably due to
the strength of solar radiation and anthropogenic exhaust heat. 相似文献