海波体系中还原铁粉置换还原银的两相反应动力学研究

针对海波定影液体系中还原铁粉置换还原银,并生成致密产物层的液、固两相反应,建立了更一般情形的动力学方程,并给出其精确解。方程中Piling因子非限定,且定影液银浓度和还原铁粉几何面积随时间变化。应用此动力学方程处理液、固两相反应,比以往研究中的动力学方程更加准确、合理。该方程在原则上也适用于气、固两相反应。     

磺胺类抗生素的活性炭吸附过程研究

采用煤质活性炭对3种磺胺类抗生素(浓度在1～2 mg/L之间)的吸附处理过程做了深入研究。结果表明,3种磺胺类抗生素在2～3 h之内可以达到吸附平衡;准一级动力学对其吸附动力学的模拟结果良好,且SMZ、SM1和SM2的一级吸附动力学常数k1分别为0.029、0.024和0.017 min-1,3种抗生素的平衡吸附容量分别为3.75、3.23和2.95 mg/g,SMZ的平衡吸附容量最大,最先达到吸附平衡,且平衡浓度也最低。3种磺胺类抗生素的吸附过程中,吸附前期的阻力主要是内扩散,而吸附后期较低浓度的抗生素吸附过程的阻力主要来自于膜扩散;采用Freundlich等温线方程描述3种磺胺类抗生素的吸附过程更为合理。     

天然及CaCl_2改性沸石对四环素的吸附

通过静态吸附实验研究了水中四环素在天然和CaCl2改性沸石上的吸附行为及机制。实验表明,天然沸石对四环素具有吸附能力,CaCl2改性可以提高沸石对四环素的吸附能力。天然和改性沸石对四环素的吸附符合拟二级动力学模型,颗粒内扩散不是吸附过程的主要控制步骤。Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevich（D-R）等温吸附模型可以较好地描述实验所用2种沸石对四环素的吸附行为,D-R等温方程拟合结果显示吸附过程包含离子交换作用。通过对天然和改性沸石吸附四环素前后溶液中主要阳离子浓度变化分析证实了该吸附过程包含离子交换作用。实验研究了pH值变化对沸石吸附四环素的影响,当pH=3～5时,天然和改性沸石对四环素的吸附量均随pH值的增加而急剧下降,而pH=5～10时,天然和改性沸石对四环素的吸附量变化均不明显,推测可能是离子交换作用和化学沉淀吸附作用所致。另外,实验还初步探索了溶液离子强度对沸石吸附四环素的影响情况,随着溶液中Na＋和Ca2＋离子强度的增加,吸附量先急剧降低随后趋向平稳,进一步说明了沸石对四环素的吸附过程不是由单一机制控制的。     

生物转盘数学模式研讨

为探求能够确切反映转盘净化反应实质及其影响因素且简便实用的数学模式,本文根据物料平衡原理和莫诺特(Monod)关系式建立了形如A/Q(L_(n-1)-L_n)=1/P+K_s/PL_n的转盘数学模式,利用处理生物制品废水的生产性四级转盘系统的试验数据确定出各级转盘的P、K_s、Y、μ_(max)、X_f等动力学参数值,并对此数学模式及其动力学参数进行了分析.认为该数学模式可作为转盘的设计公式,它揭示了转盘净化废水的实质及影响因素,比以往的经验公式更简单实用.建议在设计处理生物制品废水或与其类似废水的生物转盘时,采用文中的数学模式及动力学参数值。     

我国砖红壤、赤红壤、红壤环境容量研究

系统研究了砖红壤、赤红壤等土壤中重金属和矿物油对农作物、微生物、地表水和地下水的污染效应及重金属的形态特征。制订了砖红壤等四种土壤中Cd、Pb、Cu、As和矿物油的土壤基准;在土壤环境中物流调查研究的基础上,以系境动力学理论为依据,建立了土壤容量数学模型,确定了砖红壤等四种土壤容量。提出了区域水质灌溉标准,污泥农用标准及污染物总量控制规则;建立的土壤容量计算机模拟实验系统SCME,可进行容量数值模拟和土壤污染预测等,为推广应用土壤基准和容量提供了重要工具。      

Preparation and evaluation of Zr-β-FeOOH for efficient arsenic removal

A Zr-β-FeOOH adsorbent for both As(V) and As(III) removal was prepared by a chemical co-precipitation method.Compared with β-FeOOH,the addition of Zr enhanced the adsorption capacities for As(V) and As(III),especially As(III).The maximum adsorption capacities for As(III) and As(V) were 120 and 60mg/g respectively at pH 7.0,much higher than for many reported adsorbents.The adsorption data accorded with Freundlich isotherms.At neutral pH,for As(V),adsorption equilibrium was approached after 3 hr,while for As(III),adsorption equilibrium was approached after 5 hr.Kinetic data fitted well to the pseudo second-order reaction model.As(V) elimination was favored at acidic pH,whereas the adsorption of As(III) by Zr-β-FeOOH was found to be effective over a wide pH range of 4-10.Competitive anions hindered the adsorption according to the sequence:phosphate > silicate > bicarbonate > sulfate > nitrate,while Ca2+ and Mg2+ increased the removal of As(III) and As(V) slightly.The high adsorption capability and good performance in other aspects make Zr-β-FeOOH a potentially attractive adsorbent for the removal of both As(III) and As(V) from water.     

Cr(VI) reduction capability of humic acid extracted from the organic component of municipal solid waste

The capacity of humic acid extracted from organic waste (HAw) to reduce Cr(Ⅵ) was tested at pH 2.5,4 and 6 and compared with coal-derived humic acid (HAc).HAw was more effective than HAc in reducing Cr(Ⅵ).The kinetics of Cr(Ⅵ) reductions depended strongly on pH.The calculation of the apparent rate coefficients indicated that HAw was more efficient at reducing Cr(Ⅵ) than HAc,but was also more efficient than HAs from soil and peat.The reduction capability of HAs depends on the type of functional groups (i.e.,thiols and phenols) present,rather than the free radicals.HAw was more efficient at reducing Cr(Ⅵ) than HAc because more reactive phenols were present,i.e.,methoxy-and methyl-phenols.     

水力旋流条件对好氧颗粒污泥稳定性影响

对带有旋流装置的新型序批式反应器(R1)和其对比反应器(R2、R3)的好氧颗粒污泥的形态、粒径、比耗氧速率及动力学参数进行了对比分析.结果表明,在一定范围内提高剪切力能加快颗粒污泥的形成速率和粒径增长速率,但无法有效控制粒径范围.与R2有相同气体表面上升流速的R1,由于其旋流器提供的特殊旋流剪切力和摩擦力能延缓其污泥颗粒化进程,从而有效控制了颗粒粒径的增长;R1、R2、R3的SOUR分别0.80、0.48和0.32 mg·h-1·mg-1,表明新型反应器R1培养的好氧颗粒污泥活性较高;通过对动力学参数分析,R1中的维持系数m和非生长基质消耗比例Smin/CODinfluent分别为0.13 h-1和9％,均大于R2(0.077 h-1,9％)和R3 (0.084 h-1,1％),表明水力旋流条件不仅可以有效控制颗粒的粒径而且提高了颗粒污泥系统的稳定性.     

磺胺类抗生素在辽西河流沉积物中吸附行为研究

为了研究磺胺抗生素在辽西流域沉积物中的吸附行为特性。实验采用OECD Guideline批量平衡法,研究了磺胺甲恶唑在辽西流域沉积物中吸附动力学特性和热力学特性。动力学研究结果表明磺胺甲恶唑在沉积物中吸附动力学过程以容积扩散为主,并且是一个先快速后缓慢的非均相扩散过程。热力学研究表明磺胺甲恶唑在沉积物中的吸附,是一个自发进行的吸热过程,升高温度能够增加磺胺甲恶唑在沉积物中的吸附能力(Kd)。因此,磺胺甲恶唑容易在辽西河流沉积物中吸附残留,应当重视其在水-底泥环境体系中潜在的环境风险。     

Atmospheric and kinetic studies of OH and HO2 by the FAGE technique

A new FAGE setup has recently been built at the University of Lille, France. It permits the quantification of OH and HO₂ in the atmosphere with a detection limit of 3×10⁵ molecules/(cm³·min) for OH and 1×10⁶ molecules/(cm⁵·min) for HO₂. Its coupling to a photolysis cell enables the measurement of the total reactivity of the hydroxyl radical in ambient air and kinetic studies in laboratory. Two configurations have been considered: one with the photolysis cell at 90° to the FAGE nozzle, the other on line with the FAGE nozzle. The two configurations have been tested and validated by measuring the well known rate constants of OH with CH₄, C₃H₈ and CO. The advantages and drawbacks of each configuration have been evaluated. The “on line” configuration limits losses and permits measurements over a larger reactivity range but is affected by OH formation from the laser beam striking the FAGE nozzle, thus limiting the ability to carry out energy dependence studies which can, in contrast, be successfully performed in the 90° configuration.