红蛋植物对重金属镉、锌的吸收动态研究

采用水培的方法研究了红蛋植物（Echinodorus osiris）对镉、锌的吸收动态。结果表明：无论是低镉（5 mg·L-1）还是高镉（15 mg·L-1）处理,长时间（27 d）培养时,红蛋地上部和地下部镉质量分数均持续增加,至收获时,低镉和高镉处理红蛋地上部镉质量分数分别为364.95和502.97 mg·kg-1;地下部镉质量分数分别达到1 762.81和2 742.95 mg·kg-1。短时间内,红蛋对镉的吸收速率随时间增加而降低,1.0 h内表现为快速吸收模式,而在1.0 h后表现为缓慢吸收模式。在低镉条件下,红蛋对镉的短时间吸收动态符合二次多项式数学模型,高镉条件下,红蛋对镉的吸收动态符合三次多项式数学模型。长时间（27 d）培养时,红蛋地上部锌和地下部质量分数的动态变化趋势基本一致,即先增加后减少再缓慢增加的趋势。低锌（100 mg·L-1）和高锌（400 mg·L-1）处理,红蛋地上部锌质量分数分别为2 211.38和3 190.47 mg·kg-1;地下部锌质量分数分别为3 067.89和3 303.85 mg·kg-1。短时间内,无论是低锌处理还是高锌处理,红蛋对锌的吸收动态均符合二次多项式数学模型,但是两者有所不同,低锌处理,红蛋吸收锌的速率短时间内略有降低,而高锌处理,红蛋对锌的吸收速率短时间内则持续增加。     

Kinetics of microwave-enhanced oxidation of phenol by hydrogen peroxide

Aqueous solutions of phenol were oxidized by hydrogen peroxide assisted by microwave (MW) irradiation. A simple kinetic model for the overall degradation of phenol in the presence of excess H₂O₂ is proposed in which the degradation rate of phenol is expressed as a linear function of the concentrations of phenol and H₂O₂. A detailed parametric study showed that the degradation rate of phenol increased with increasing [H₂O₂] until saturation was observed. Phenol degradation followed apparent zero-order kinetics under MW radiation or H₂O₂ oxidation. However, after 90 min of irradiation, the observed kinetics shifted to pseudo first order. The overall reaction rates were significantly enhanced in the combined MW/H₂O₂ system, mainly because microwave could accelerate H₂O₂ to generate hydroxyl radical (^·OH) and other reactive oxygen intermediates. The observed synergetic effects of the MW/H₂O₂ process resulted in an increased in the net reaction rate by a factor of 5.75. When hydrogen peroxide is present in a large stoichiometric excess, the time required to achieve complete mineralization is reduced significantly.     

Comparison between linear and non-linear forms of pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetic models for the removal of methylene blue by activated carbon

The best-fit equations of linear and non-linear forms of the two widely used kinetic models, namely pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order equations, were compared in this study. The experimental kinetics of methylene blue adsorption on activated carbon was used for this research. Both the correlation coefficient (R ²) and the normalized standard deviation Δq(%) were employed as error analysis methods to determine the best-fitting equations. The results show that the non-linear forms of pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models were more suitable than the linear forms for fitting the experimental data. The experimental kinetics may have been distorted by linearization of the linear kinetic equations, and thus, the non-linear forms of kinetic equations should be primarily used to obtain the adsorption parameters. In addition, the Δq(%) method for error analysis may be better to determine the best-fitting model in this case.     

煤粉固硫燃烧的动力学研究

采用新汶、阳泉原煤作为实验用煤,选择Ca（OH）2作为主固硫剂,考察了Ca／S的变化对燃煤固硫燃烧特性以及动力学参数的影响,采用碳酸盐、氯化物和氢氧化物3大系列化学试剂作为添加剂,在Ca／S为1.5的条件下,考察了它们对Ca（OH）2固硫能力的影响,以及固硫煤粉的燃烧特性和动力学参数的变化,实验表明：1）碳酸钾添加剂的助固硫作用明显,将固硫率提高了14％左右;2）固硫剂Ca（OH）2的加入使Arrhenius曲线斜率增大,明显提高了燃烧反应的活化能;3）随着Ca／S的增加,原煤的着火点和结束点、活化能有逐渐增大的趋势;4）添加剂对原煤燃烧特性的影响并不显著,但对活化能的影响却十分明显,添加剂的加入有效地降低了燃烧反应的活化能。     

重金属对2-氯酚厌氧降解的抑制动力学研究

考察了Cu2+、Cd2+、Ni2+、Fe2+4种重金属离子对2-氯酚(2-CP)厌氧降解速率的影响,并通过描述金属离子抑制作用的修正方程对实验进行拟合,研究了其动力学特征.结果表明,在0~500mg/L投加浓度范围内,Fe2+对2-CP的厌氧降解过程基本不抑制,Ni2+、Cu2+、Cd2+则存在明显抑制,抑制程度Cu2+﹥Ni2+﹥Cd2+.相同的抑制强度下,抑制浓度CIP-Cu﹤CIP-Ni﹤CIP-Cd.修正方程能较好地表征金属离子的抑制作用与该离子对降解速率的最大抑制浓度(I*)以及投加浓度之间的定量关系.由该方程拟合结果可得到Cu2+、Cd2+、Ni2+对25mg/L 2-CP降解的I*值分别为458.7,1693.5,1528.5mg/L,I*及指数m值的大小表明金属离子对2-CP厌氧降解的抑制Cu2+﹥Ni2+﹥Cd2+.     

pH对高氨氮渗滤液短程生物脱氮反硝化过程动力学的影响

为考察实际高氨氮垃圾渗滤液短程生物脱氮过程pH对以NO2--N为电子受体反硝化动力学的影响,本研究采用缺氧/厌氧UASB-SBR生化系统处理实际高氨氮垃圾渗滤液,在SBR系统实现稳定短程生物脱氮(120d运行)的基础上,取SBR反应器内的污泥进行不同NO2--N浓度(5、10、20、40、60、80和100mg·L-1)和恒定pH梯度(6.5、7.0、8.0和8.5)下的反硝化批次试验,基于建立的反硝化动力学方程,确定不同pH条件下以NO2--N为电子受体的反硝化动力学常数.试验结果表明,反硝化菌的还原活性受pH影响较大,pH6.5、7.0和8.5时的最大比反硝化速率(k)分别为pH8.0时的49%、61%和63%;4种pH条件下,NO2--N比反硝化速率与其初始浓度均符合Monod方程,然而不同pH下Monod方程曲线一级反应部分的长短不同,由此导致半饱合常数(Ks)和最大比反硝化速率(k)差异较大,pH8.0下Ks和k最大,分别为15.8mg·L-1和0.435g.g-1.d-1.     

超声-电凝聚除磷技术及动力学分析

采用超声辅助电凝聚技术处理含磷废水,研究该技术的可行性及其特点.通过对比实验表明,在相同实验条件下,超声辅助电凝聚除磷效率比磁力搅拌电凝聚除磷效率高18.40%.进行L16(44)四水平四因素正交优化试验,结果表明,超声-电凝聚除磷的影响因素主次关系依次为pH、磷初始浓度、电混凝时间、电极间距.在最优组合工艺条件下,即电极间距为2cm,pH为7,电混凝时间为3min,磷初始浓度为10mg·L-1,磷的去除率达到99.60%.初步分析了超声-电凝聚除磷的机理以及超声在电凝聚除磷过程中的作用.动力学分析表明,超声-电凝聚除磷符合零级反应动力学规律.能耗估算表明,超声-电凝聚技术除磷的单位磷能耗明显低于磁力搅拌电凝聚除磷的单位磷能耗.     

δ-MnO_2对Cr(Ⅲ)氧化动力学特征

采用分步离心法研究了δ-MnO2对Cr(Ⅲ)的氧化动力学.结果表明,δ-MnO2对Cr(Ⅲ)的氧化反应可以用一级动力学方程分段拟合.氧化反应是由2个速率不同的一级反应组成,Cr(Ⅲ)溶液在高浓度(400μmol/L)条件下,也可以用扩散方程和Elovich方程分段拟合.温度升高显著增加快反应阶段速率常数.随着反应的进行,MnO2表面吸附的Cr(Ⅵ)/Mn(Ⅱ)逐渐减小并远小于理论值(0.667),MnO2表面吸附的Cr(Ⅲ)、Cr(Ⅵ)和Mn(Ⅱ)只占总量的0.1%～3%.溶液中的Cr(Ⅵ)/Mn(Ⅱ)逐渐减小并接近理论值.所以Mn(Ⅱ)向溶液中的扩散滞后于Cr(Ⅵ).Cr(Ⅲ)的氧化反应的速率控制步骤,在低浓度条件下是Cr(Ⅲ)的扩散和吸附,在高浓度条件下是Mn(Ⅱ)向溶液中的扩散.     

麦草浆黑液固形物热解特性及动力学研究

通过热重分析实验和固定床热解实验研究了麦草碱性亚硫酸钠-蒽醌法制纸桨黑液固形物的热解特性和热解产物分布。结果表明:黑液固形物热解过程分为干燥脱水、有机物热解和无机物转化三个阶段,主要失重发生在200～550℃间;在热重分析基础上按一级反应动力学模型得到了黑液固形物热解各阶段的动力学参数;实验条件下,麦草浆黑液固形物固定床热解后约三分之一转化为挥发分,余下为固体残渣。     

Destruction of methylphosphonic acid in a supercritical water oxidation bench-scale double wall reactor

The destruction of methylphosphonic acid (MPA), a final product by hydrolysis/neutralization of organophosphorus agents such as sarin and VX (O-ethyl S-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothionate), was investigated in a a bench-scale, continuous concentric vertical double wall reactor under supercritical water oxidation condition. The experiments were conducted at a temperature range of 450–600°C and a fixed pressure of 25 MPa. Hydrogen peroxide was used as an oxidant. The destruction e ciency (DE) was monitored by analyzing total organic carbon (TOC) and MPA concentrations using ion chromatography on the liquid e uent samples. The results showed that the DE of MPA up to 99.999% was achieved at a reaction temperature of 600°C, oxygen concentration of 113% storichiometric requirement, and reactor residence time of 8 sec. On the basis of the data derived from experiments, a global kinetic rate equation for the DE of MPA and DE of TOC were developed by nonlinear regression analysis. The model predictions agreed well with the experimental data.