湖泊碳循环研究进展及研究方法

近年来,碳循环问题日益成为全球变化与地球科学研究领域的前沿与热点问题,其中陆地生态系统碳循环又是全球碳循环中最复杂、受人类活动影响最大的部分,湖泊生态系统是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,在维护区域生态平衡和生物多样性保护等方面具有重要作用。由于全球湖泊面积迅速减少,湖泊生态系统正常的水循环和碳循环过程产生一定的变化,湖泊生态系统的演变也可能是全球大气CO2含量升高的一个不可忽视的因素,因此了解湖泊碳循环国内外研究进展及研究方法,对于研究湖泊碳循环对全球碳循环的作用有重要的意义。     

基于污染物平衡分析的污水厂尾水补水城市内湖的优化运行研究——以昆明翠湖为例

针对污水厂尾水补水的城市内湖污染调控问题,提出了基于水量和污染物收支平衡分析的污染物净积累(NPA)模型,建立了污染物输入和输出量化计算方法.最后,以昆明翠湖为案例,在调查水体污染物输入和输出途径及水体自净量计算的基础上,选择COD、TN和TP为代表性污染物,开展了模型和计算方法的应用.结果表明,尾水补水是污染物输入的最主要途径,排水和渗漏是污染物输出的两个主要途径,COD在水体中的净积累程度较低,TN和TP的净积累比例分别达到42.9%和39.0%.以此为基础,本文提出了以调整补水和用水途径为主要手段的水体优化运行方案,并对方案实施后的预期效果进行了分析验证.本研究可为城市景观水体的污染物积累分析提供新方法和典型案例.     

中国湖库营养状态现状调查分析

近年来,随着经济的高速发展,我国湖库氮、磷污染负荷增加,富营养化问题有增无减,已经成为我国湖库面临的重大环境问题。以2005年-2007年我国大陆地区各省(自治区、直辖市)183个湖泊、541个水库的调查资料为基础,采用单项指标评价和综合评价方法,分析了我国湖库富营养化状况。结果表明:我国湖库受营养盐污染的形势十分严峻,富营养化成为我国湖库共同面临的主要环境问题;总体而言,水库的富营养状态要优于湖泊,但水库的富营养化污染也不容乐观;总磷超标情况要重于总氮,透明度超标比例相对较小。     

百年来北方湖泊沉积物PAHs的变化特征及其对人类活动的响应

多环芳烃(PAHs)具有致癌、致畸、致突变性和生物累积效应,在社会引起了广泛关注.鉴于我国北方地区湖泊众多,且受人为活动影响日益加剧,收集了我国北方30个湖泊沉积物中的PAHs数据,分析了 PAHs的历史变化、空间分布和生态风险,阐述了 PAHs对人为排放和削减措施的响应.结果表明,北方湖泊沉积物中ω(PAHs)在18...     

长江源区典型河流及湖泊丰水期底栖动物群落格局与驱动因子分析

长江源区位于青藏高原腹地,对气候变化敏感,存在河流径流增加、湖泊扩张淡化的趋势,研究该区域的水生生物有助于理解气候变化对该区域生态系统的影响。该研究于2017年夏季对长江西源沱沱河、南源当曲以及周围5个典型湖泊(班德湖、雅西措、玛章错钦、格勒措、昂错钦)的底栖动物群落开展调查。湖泊水体盐度为0.96‰～14.72‰,pH为8.89～9.63。结果表明,共采集到大型底栖动物25种,隶属于5纲7目10科。河流的底栖动物平均密度和生物量分别为36个/m²和0.22 g/m²,优势种为恩非摇蚊属;湖泊的底栖动物平均密度和生物量分别为674个/m²和5.35 g/m²,优势种为直突摇蚊属,83.33%的物种为单一湖泊特有。蒙特卡罗置换检验结果表明,影响底栖动物群落的水体环境变量主要包括碱度、总悬浮性固体、浊度、pH、总溶解性固体、盐度和叶绿素a。典范对应分析排序图显示,在长江源区的湖泊水体中,底栖动物较多分布在酸碱度相对低、清澈程度高、盐度低、叶绿素高的环境中。在未来的气候变化背景下,河流径流增加可能导致水体...     

21世纪以来黄河源区高原湖泊群对气候变化的响应

利用2001~2006年逐年汛前期和汛后期两个时相黄河源区湖泊群EOS-MODIS卫星遥感资料和气候、冻土监测数据,分析了21世纪以来黄河源区高寒湖泊群的最新动态变化,描述了器测时期以来该区域气候的演变背景,揭示了湖泊面积和数量对气候、冻土环境变化的响应。结果表明:近52年来源区出现了气温显著升高、降水量增加和蒸发量增大的气候变化大背景,但2001年以来气候以暖湿为主要特征的同时,蒸发量明显减少,且受气候变暖的影响冻土环境表现出冻土厚度减小、冻结时间缩短等退化趋势;2001~2006年黄河源区湖泊群的最新波动表现为湖泊面积增大、数量增多的一致性变化迹象,这种波动趋势在汛前期表现得较汛后期更为显著,并以湖泊数量的变动最为明显;21世纪以来黄河源区湖泊扩张、数量增大正是同期降水量增大、蒸发量减少和冻土退化加大了地下冰融化水补给量等气候变化的直接结果。     

Reduced Metals Concentrations of Water, Sediment and Hyalella Azteca from Lakes in the Vicinity of the Sudbury Metal Smelters, Ontario, Canada

Hyalella azteca (Crustacea: Amphipoda), water and sediments from 12 circum-neutral lakes between Sudbury and North Bay in Ontario, Canada were sampled in August 1998 and analyzed for 10 metals including Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, Pb, Co, Mo, V, Ba and Ti. Statistical analyses showed that concentrations of the metals in H. azteca, water and sediment differed significantly (ANOVA, P<0.05) among lakes (except for Zn and Pb in H. azteca and Mo in water). There was a trend of declining metal concentration, especially for Cu, Ni and Co (in water, Hyalella and sediment), with distance from the smelters indicating the reduced impact of atmospheric pollution. Metal concentrations of lakes (water) in the Sudbury area were found to be lower compared to data from the 1970s and 1980s indicating an improvement in water quality. Metal concentrations in field-collected amphipods compared favorably with those measured in the laboratory in animals exposed to deep-water sediments, provided metal concentrations were not extremely low (e.g., Pb) and that water chemistry differences (e.g., pH) were taken into account for some metals (especially Cd). In general bioaccumulation of metals in H. azteca was predicted better from surface water than from sediment total metal.     

Using Multiple Taxonomic Groups to Index the Ecological Condition of Lakes

Biological indicators of communitiestypically reflect a common environmental signalreflecting the general condition of the ecosystem, as well asindividual signals by indicators differentiallysensitive to particular environmental conditions. Wedescribe here a method of integrating and interpretingsuch indicators from 19 New England lakes for fivetaxonomic groups (diatoms, benthos, zooplankton, fish,and birds). Our approach provides a systematicstandardized way to integrate multiple metrics fromdifferent taxonomic groups by addressing four elementscrucial to analyzing data from multiple indicators: covariate control, re-scaling of data, standardizing the sign of responses, and dimensional reduction. We evaluated the biologicalmetrics against individual environmental stressors andagainst multivariate physicochemical metricscharacterizing general anthropogenic stress among thelakes. The method detected a response to variationin the gross environmental condition of the lakes thatwas correlated across taxa and metrics. In addition,a differential response to near shore conditions wasdemonstrated for fish. The success of the approach inthis study lends support to its general application toecological monitoring involving complex data sets.     

EFFECT OF FLOW VELOCITY ON SEDIMENT OXYGEN DEMAND: COMPARISON OF THEORY AND EXPERIMENTS1

ABSTRACT: Theoretical equations that establish the relationship between sediment oxygen demand (SOD) in a lake and the flow velocity and dissolved oxygen concentration in the bulk water already exist. These theoretical equations for oxygen consumption in the sediment express biological consumption with Michaelis-Menten kinetics, and chemical consumption by a first order reaction. Data from laboratory experiments that were conducted to validate the theoretical equations also exist. These experiments were performed in a laboratory channel with well defined flow characteristics for three types of sediments. Herein, the theoretical equations are used to model the experimental data for the three types of sediments. The values used for the parameters in the theoretical equations are determined by iteration until a best fit is obtained for the relationship of SOD to flow velocity from both the theoretical model and experimental data. The goodness of fit is measured by the standard error of prediction and the regression coefficient.