百年来北方湖泊沉积物PAHs的变化特征及其对人类活动的响应

多环芳烃(PAHs)具有致癌、致畸、致突变性和生物累积效应,在社会引起了广泛关注.鉴于我国北方地区湖泊众多,且受人为活动影响日益加剧,收集了我国北方30个湖泊沉积物中的PAHs数据,分析了 PAHs的历史变化、空间分布和生态风险,阐述了 PAHs对人为排放和削减措施的响应.结果表明,北方湖泊沉积物中ω(PAHs)在18...     

Prediction of the concentration of chlorophyll-a for Liuhai urban lakes in Beijing City

The weekly water quality monitor data of Liuhai lakes between April 2003 and November 2004 in Beijing City were used as an example to build an artificial neural networks （ANN） model and a multi-varieties regression model respectively for predicting the fresh water algae bloom. The different predicted abilities of the two methods in Liuhai lakes were compared. A principle analysis method was first used to select the input variables of the models to avoid the phenomenon of collinearity in the data. The results showed that the input variables for the artificial neural networks were T, TP, transparency（SD）, DO, chlorophyll-a （Chl-a）,pH and the output variable was Chl-a. A three layer Levenberg-Marguardt feed forward leaming algorithm in ANN was used to model the eutrophication process of Liuhai lakes. 20 nodes in hidden layer and 1 node of output for the ANN model had been optimized by trial and error method. A sensitivity analysis of the input variables was performed to evaluate their relative significance in determining the predicted values. The correlation coefficient between predicted value and observed value in all data and in test data were 0.717 and 0.816 respectively in the artificial neural networks. The stepwise regression method was used to simulate the linear relation between Chl-a and temperature, of which the correlation coefficient was 0.213. By comparing the results of the two models, it was found that neural network models were able to simulate non-linear behavior in the water eutrophication process of Liuhai lakes reasonably and could successfully estimate some extreme values from calibration and test data sets.     

Assessing the utility of dissolved organic matter photoreactivity as a predictor of in situ methylmercury concentration

Methylmercury(MeHg) bioaccumulation is a growing concern in ecosystems worldwide. The absorption of solar radiation by dissolved organic matter(DOM) and other photoreactive ligands can convert MeHg into less toxic forms of mercury through photodemethylation. In this study, spectral changes and photoreactivity of DOM were measured to assess the potential to control photoreactions and predict in situ MeHg concentration. Water samples collected from a series of lakes in southwestern Nova Scotia in June, August, and September were exposed to controlled ultraviolet-A(UV-A) radiation for up to 24 hr. Dissolved organic matter photoreactivity, measured as the loss of absorbance at 350 nm at constant UV-A irradiation, was positively dependent on the initial DOM concentration in lake waters(r~2=0.94). This relationship was consistent over time with both DOM concentration and photoreactivity increasing from summer into fall across lakes. Lake in situ MeHg concentration was positively correlated with DOM concentration and likely catchment transport in June(r = 0.77) but not the other sampling months. Despite a consistent seasonal variation in both DOM and Fe, and their respective correlations with MeHg, no discernable seasonal trend in MeHg was observed. However, a 3-year dataset from the 6 study lakes revealed a positive correlation between DOM concentration and both Fe(r = 0.91) and MeHg concentrations(r = 0.51) suggesting a more dominant landscape mobility control on MeHg.The DOM-MeHg relationships observed in these lakes highlights the need to examine DOM photoreactivity controls on MeHg transport and availability in natural waters particularly given future climate perturbations.     

Patternising phytoplankton dynamics of two shallow lakes in response to restoration measures by applying non-supervised artificial neural networks

Long-term time-series data sets of two shallow Dutch lakes, Lake Veluwemeer and Lake Wolderwijd were subjected to ordination and clustering by means of non-supervised artificial neural networks (ANN). Splitting of the data sets into sub-series corresponding with three different management periods have allowed a comparative analysis of both the short-term seasonal and long-term phytoplankton dynamics in relation to the restoration measures. The lakes were considered as hyper-eutrophic and have been managed both with bottom-up and top-down management approaches. Results of the study have demonstrated that non-supervised ANN allow to elucidate causal relationships of complex ecological processes (1) within the specific genus, Oscillatoria and Scenedesmus and (2) the combination of external nutrient control and in-lake food web manipulation of the two lakes achieved to control eutrophication.     

我国湖泊的限磷,禁磷现状及对策

介绍了含磷洗涤剂对湖泊富营养化的影响；国内外限磷、禁磷研究的发展趋势以及我国水污染治理中对含磷洗涤剂应采取的具体对策。并结合我国国情，提出了应地制宜地制定限磷、禁磷政策的建议。     

The Input and Transmission of Fallout Radionuclides Through Redó, a High Mountain Lake in the Spanish Pyrenees

Fallout radionuclides have increasing value as tracers of pathways for pollutant transport through catchment/lake systems, in addition to their more traditional role in dating sediment records. The objectivesof this study, carried out within the EU MOLAR project, were tomeasure atmospheric fluxes of fallout ²¹⁰Pb, ¹³⁷Cs and ⁷Be at Redó, to establish mass balances for theseradionuclides, and test and validate models of pollutant transport through the lake and its catchment. This was achieved by comparing measured fluxes and concentrations in the water column with theoretical estimates using simple compartment models. Several interesting points emerged. Differences betweensoil core and rainwater measurements suggest that Saharan dust may be an important source of fallout ²¹⁰Pb. Fluxes throughthe water column had a clear seasonal trend reflecting winter icecover. Significant concentrations of ¹³⁷Cs are still presentin the water column, due to continued inputs from the catchment and/or remobilisation from the bottom sediments.     

Mercury in an ultraoligotrophic North Patagonian Andean lake(Argentina):Concentration patterns in different components of the water column

The deep, ultraoligotrophic piedmont lakes of Northern Patagonia (Argentina) are located in pristine and barely impacted areas, along a wide latitudinal range. Several studies have reported moderate to high total mercury (Hg) concentrations and contrasting methylmercury (CH3Hg+) production in different lake compartments. Sources of Hg for western Patagonian terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are still not clear; while point sources can be ruled out and atmospheric deposition is a plausible source, along with contribution from active volcanic areas of the Andes. In this investigation, we reported a noticeably seasonal, spatial (between lake branches), and vertical (between water column strata) heterogeneity in the total Hg concentrations found in the pelagic zone of Lake Moreno. Sterile water samples taken in a depth profile of the lake showed moderate to high concentrations of CH3Hg+ in autumn with a decreasing trend with depth. Our results indicated that Hg is largely allocated in the plankton fraction between 10–53 μm; which dominated within the euphotic (epilimnetic) zone of the lake due to the high densities attained by two species of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium. The 53–200 μm planktonic size fraction (comprising rotifers, ciliates and immature stages of crustaceans) and the 200 μm fraction (calanoid copepods and cladocerans) were found to bear strikingly lower total Hg concentrations, suggesting that the magnification of Hg at the planktonic consumer level is negligible.     

近35a长江中游大型通江湖泊季节性水情变化规律研究

长江中游自然通江的洞庭湖和鄱阳湖,在长期的季风气候以及江湖交互作用下形成了相对稳定的涨-丰-退-枯季节性水位波动模式。近几十年来,受水利工程及气候变化的双重影响,两湖季节性水情均发生了显著改变。揭示和对比两湖季节性水位波动近年来的变化趋势及强度并分析其形成的可能原因,对于指导两湖地区的湖泊管理与实践,理解长江中游江湖关系演变现状具有重要意义。基于此,以2003年为断点(即1980~2002年与2003~2014年两时段),首先通过湖区多站点水文要素的单因素方差分析揭示两湖各自的季节性水情变化特征;然后通过两湖季节性水情变化状况的对比,分析长江中游大型通江湖泊水情变化的规律及其形成原因。得出的主要结论如下:(1)2003年后,涨水期和枯水期的两湖水情均呈偏枯趋势,且水位降幅均在由上游到中游的过程中扩大,由中游到下游的过程中减小,甚至涨水和枯水期的洞庭湖下游湖区还出现了水位的小幅抬升。(2)2003年后,丰水期和退水期的洞庭湖偏枯趋势呈现不同的空间分异,丰水期的洞庭湖水位下降程度在上、中游湖区更为剧烈,而退水期的水位下降程度在中、下游湖区更为剧烈。与此同时段的鄱阳湖偏枯趋势在丰水期和退水期均在由上游至下游的过程中增加。(3)2003年后的洞庭湖水位降幅在各个季节各个湖区均显著小于位于其下游的鄱阳湖。江湖关系对两湖及其不同湖区的作用方式和强度的差异是造成两湖季节性水情演变差异的主要原因。     

Bottomfast Ice Mapping and the Measurement of Ice Thickness on Tundra Lakes Using C‐Band Synthetic Aperture Radar Remote Sensing1

Abstract: Industrial activity in Canada’s north is increasing, placing demands on the use of water from lakes to build ice roads. Winter water withdrawal from these lakes has the potential to impact overwintering fish. Removal of water from small lakes can decrease oxygen and habitat available to fish. To address this issue, a protocol has been developed by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans outlining water withdrawal thresholds. Bathymetric surveys are the traditional method to determine lake depth, but are costly given the remoteness of northern lakes. This paper investigates the use of satellite C‐band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) remote sensing technology as a potential alternative or complement to traditional survey methods. Previous research has shown that a SAR can detect the transition from grounded to floating ice on lakes, or if a lake is completely frozen. Grounded ice has a dark signature while floating ice appears very bright in contrast. Similar results were observed for the datasets acquired in the study area. This suggests that lakes that freeze completely to the bottom can be identified using SAR. Such water bodies would not be viable fish overwintering habitat and can therefore be used as water sources without thresholds necessary. However, attempts to accurately calculate the depth of the ice at the grounded‐floating ice boundary using bathymetric profiles acquired in the summer and lake ice thickness measurements from a reference lake near Inuvik proved to be unreliable.     

南昌城市湖泊浮游真菌群落组成、共生模式及影响因素

为探明南昌湖泊浮游真菌群落特征和环境胁迫对浮游真菌群落的影响机制,分别于枯水期（2月、12月）、平水期（4月、10月）和丰水期（6月、8月）采集了均匀分布于南昌市不同县级区划下的7个主要城市湖泊表层水样.测定了WT、DO、NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N等环境胁迫因子指标,基于高通量测序研究浮游真菌群落特征,运用网络分析等方法阐明浮游真菌群落的共生模式,并揭示影响浮游真菌群落结构和共生模式的环境胁迫因子.结果表明：①南昌湖泊浮游真菌群落组成在水期间具显著差异,在各湖泊间差异不显著.WT、DO、pH和NH₄⁺-N是影响浮游真菌群落组成的显著环境胁迫因子.②浮游真菌群落优势门为Chytridiomycota （9.55%~33.14%）、Basidiomycota （0.48%~4.25%）和Ascomycota （1.29%~3.19%）,优势菌门数量大小为：丰水期>平水期>枯水期,Chytridiomycota相对丰度在丰水期显著高于平水期和枯水期,Basidiomycota相对丰度在枯水期显著低于平水期和丰水期,Ascomycota水期差异不显著.③南昌湖泊浮游真菌群落共生网络稳定性大小为：丰水期>平水期>枯水期,WT是影响浮游真菌群落共生模式的最佳环境胁迫因子.研究可为湖泊的综合评价和治理研究提供理论依据,并为长江中下游地区湖泊生态系统保护提供指导.