LAKE LOADING RATIOS (N:P) AND LACUSTRINE NITROGEN FiXATION?

ABSTRACT: Data from seven diverse lakes with reasonably complete nutrient budgets and estimates of annual areal nitrogen fixation (AANF) were used to evaluate the proposition that nitrogen fixation (NF) declines as the ratio TN:TP in lake loadings increases. The results do not support the conclusion that the rate of AANF in lakes is related to the N:P ratio in externally generated influents, although low N:P nutrient loading ratios often favor blue-green algae capable of NF.     

SEDIMENTATION IN LAKE ONALASKA,NAVIGATION POOL 7, UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER,SINCE IMPOUNDMENT1

ABSTRACT: Sediment accumulation was evaluated in Lake Onalaska, a 2800-ha backwater impoundment on the Upper Mississippi River. Computer programs were used to process fathometric charts and generate an extensive data set on water depth for the lake. Comparison of 1983 survey data with pre-impoundment (before 1937) data showed that Lake Onalaska had lost less than 10 percent of its original mean depth in the 46 years since impoundment. Previous estimates of sedimentation rates based on Cesium-137 sediment core analysis appear to have been too high.     

A COMPARISON OF THREE METHODS FOR MEASURING RECENT RATES OF SEDIMENT ACCUMULATION1

ABSTRACT: The determination of sediment accumulation rates is important in understanding how these materials are affecting lakes and reservoirs ecosystems. In this study three methods were used to estimate sediment accumulation rates in the impounded backwater lakes behind Lock and Dam Nos. 8 and 9 on the upper Mississippi River. The three methods were: 1) a “spud” survey, 2) a survey of bottom contours, and 3) the use of fallout cesium-137. The field use of these three methods of determining sediment accumulation and the potential errors and merits involved in each method are discussed. The results from the field study in backwater areas along the upper Mississippi River showed the survey of bottom contour method gave the lowest rate of sediment deposition and the ¹³⁷Cs method gave the highest rates. Sediment accumulation rates from 0 to 7.8 cm per year were measured in the study area. All three methods are useful and have unique characteristics for determining rates and patterns of sediment accumulation. Thus the choice of a method to be used in a sediment survey is dependent on the type of information needed and the time available.     

ARE SHORT-TERM ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PROGRAMS POSSIBLE? -THE INLAND LAKE PROJECT EXPERIENCE1

The public clamor for repair and protection of the environment from damages, real or perceived, is growing daily. People are demanding remedial programs now; they appear willing to support long-range fundamental research in environmental areas (such as eutrophication research) as long as action programs (such as lake renewal) are undertaken too. Are short-term, remedial, environmental action programs possible? The experiences of the Inland Lake Demonstration Project afford an opportunity to evaluate one kind of action-oriented response. Some special types of problems are likely to be common to any environmental-resource action program. Recognition and anticipation of these difficulties when organizing action programs should facilitate successful implementation.     

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN WATER QUALITY AND PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATIONS FOR PUGET SOUND REGION LAKES1

Regression relationships were developed between summer mean total phosphorus (P) concentrations in near-surface water and both chlorophyll a concentrations and Secchi disc transparency for Puget Sound region lakes. Total P concentrations in the lakes studied ranged from 7 to 66 μ/L. The relationship between total P and chlorophyll a, based on data from 69 lakes, explained 57 percent of the variance in chlorophyll a. Predicted chlorophyll a concentrations and 95 percent confidence intervals ranged from 1 ⁺³_-0.5μg/L for 7 μg/L P to about ⁺³⁵_-10μ/L for 66 μ/L P. The relationship between total P and Secchi disc, based on data from 71 lakes, explained 53 percent of the variance in Secchi disc. Predicted Secchi disc transparencies and 95 percent confidence intervals ranged from 5.5 ^+5.5_-3.0 m for 7 μ/L P to 1.4 ^+1.5_-0.7 m for 66 μ/L P.     

A Sensitivity and Error Analysis Framework for Lake Eutrophication Modeling1

ABSTRACT: A framework for sensitivity and error analysis in mathematical modeling is described and demonstrated. The Lake Eutrophication Analysis Procedure (LEAP) consists of a series of linked models which predict lake water quality conditions as a function of watershed land use, hydrolgic variables, and morphometric variables. Specification of input variables as distributions (means and standard errors) and use of first-order error analysis techniques permits estimation of output variable means, standard errors, and confidence ranges. Predicted distributions compare favorably with those estimated using Monte-Carlo simulation. The framework is demonstrated by applying it to data from Lake Morey, Vermont. While possible biases exist in the models calibrated for this application, prediction variances, attributed chiefly to model error, are comparable to the observed year-to-year variance in water quality, as measured by spring phosphorus concentration, hypolimnetic oxygen depletion rate, summer chlorophyll-a, and summer transparency in this lake. Use of the framework provides insight into important controlling factors and relationships and identifies the major sources of uncertainty in a given model application.     

青藏高原湖泊小流域水体离子组成特征及来源分析

对青藏高原咸水湖蓬错、昂仁金错、打加错,淡水湖打加芒错、达格架温泉及各湖入湖支流阴、阳离子组成进行了分析.咸水湖阴离子以HCO-3、SO2-4为主,阳离子以Na+为主,属HCO3-SO4-Na和HCO3-Na型水;各湖支流及淡水湖阴离子以HCO-3或SO2-4为主,阳离子以Ca2+或Mg2+为主,属HCO3-Ca、HCO3-Ca-Mg、HCO3-Mg-Ca、HCO3-SO4-Ca、SO4-HCO3-Ca型水;达格架温泉阴离子以HCO-3为主,阳离子以Na+为主,属HCO3-Na型水.咸水湖主要受蒸发-结晶作用控制,各湖支流及淡水湖主要受碳酸盐岩风化控制,达格架温泉主要受热水-花岗岩作用控制.碳酸盐矿物沉淀时Ca2+优先Mg2+被移除,导致咸水湖具有较高的Mg2+/Ca2+比值.在阳离子组成端元贡献中,碳酸盐岩贡献最大(54%~79%),硅酸盐岩(13%~29%)和蒸发盐岩(4%~23%)次之,大气输入(3%~7%)最小.     

Effects of seasonal climatic variability on several toxic contaminants in urban lakes: Implications for the impacts of climate change

Climate change is supposed to have influences on water quality and ecosystem. However, only few studies have assessed the effect of climate change on environmental toxic contaminants in urban lakes. In this research, response of several toxic contaminants in twelve urban lakes in Beijing, China, to the seasonal variations in climatic factors was studied. Fluorides, volatile phenols, arsenic, selenium, and other water quality parameters were analyzed monthly from2009 to 2012. Multivariate statistical methods including principle component analysis, cluster analysis, and multiple regression analysis were performed to study the relationship between contaminants and climatic factors including temperature, precipitation, wind speed, and sunshine duration. Fluoride and arsenic concentrations in most urban lakes exhibited a significant positive correlation with temperature/precipitation, which is mainly caused by rainfall induced diffuse pollution. A negative correlation was observed between volatile phenols and temperature/precipitation, and this could be explained by their enhanced volatilization and biodegradation rates caused by higher temperature. Selenium did not show a significant response to climatic factor variations, which was attributed to low selenium contents in the lakes and soils. Moreover, the response degrees of contaminants to climatic variations differ among lakes with different contamination levels. On average, temperature/precipitation contributed to 8%, 15%, and 12% of the variations in volatile phenols, arsenic, and fluorides,respectively. Beijing is undergoing increased temperature and heavy rainfall frequency during the past five decades. This study suggests that water quality related to fluoride and arsenic concentrations of most urban lakes in Beijing is becoming worse under this climate change trend.     

利用流式细胞仪分选技术研究湖泊真核超微藻的遗传多样性

利用流式细胞仪分选技术及PCR、构建基因克隆库的方法初步调查了冬季太湖、玄武湖、紫霞湖真核超微藻的遗传多样性及影响因子,以揭示3个湖泊真核超微藻的差异,更全面地了解不同湖泊浮游藻类的群落结构.结果表明不同湖泊真核超微藻多样性存在明显差异,玄武湖以隐藻(Cryptophyta)为主,紫霞湖优势种为隐藻,还有少量金藻(Chrysophyta),太湖真核超微藻多样性较为丰富,有金藻、隐藻、硅藻(Bacillariophyta)、绿藻(Chlorophyta),且不同湖区也有差异.梅梁湾N2点以金藻为主,贡湖湾N4点隐藻、硅藻、绿藻数量相当,但发现较多真菌,靠近大湖区的W2点多样性最为丰富,4种藻均有发现.不同湖泊真核超微藻多样性与环境因子的冗余分析表明,总磷含量与其多样性显著相关.     

Total mercury in wild fish in Guizhou reservoirs, China

The health hazard of mercury (Hg) compounds is internationally recognized, and the main pathways for methylmercury (MeHg) intake in humans are through consumption of food, especially fish. Given the large releases of Hg to the environment in China, combined with the fast development of hydropower, this issue deserves attention. Provided similar mobilization pathways of Hg in China as seen in reservoirs in North America and Europe one should expect increased Hg contamination in relation to future hydropower reservoir construction in this country. This study presents total Hg (THg) concentrations in wild fish from six Guizhou reservoirs, China. The THg concentrations in fish were generally low despite high background levels in the bedrock and depositions from local point sources. The over all mean ± SD concentration of THg was (0.066 ± 0.078) μg/g (n = 235). After adjusting for among-reservoir variation in THg, there were significant differences in THg among functional groups of the fish, assumed to re?ect trophic levels. Predicted THg- concentration ratios, retrieved from a mixed linear model, between the functional groups were 9:4:4:1 for carnivorous, omnivorous, planktivorous and herbivorous fish. This result indicated that MeHg accumulation may prevail even under circumstances with short food chains as in this Chinese water system. No fish exceeded recommended maximum THg limit for human consumption set by World Health Organization and the Standardization Administration of China (0.5 μg/g fish wet weight (ww)). Only six fish (2.5%) exceeded the maximum THg limit set by US Environmental Protection Agency (0.3 μg/g fish ww).