长江中下游湖泊保护和管理的若干建议

长江中下游地区是我国面向21世纪的经济重地,长江是我国唯一具有全国意义的战略水源地,是我国水资源供需平衡的最后防线。然而在自然演化宏观背景下,流域经济的高速发展,大规模开发利用等人类活动的强烈影响,引发了一系列负面环境效应。湖泊湿地生态环境被破坏问题严重,突出表现在生态调节和自我恢复功能大幅度降低,并已造成了严重的生态后果,危及长江水系的生态平衡,影响了区域经济的可持续发展。在大量野外考察和调查基础上,针对长江中下游湖泊湿地当前的生态环境状况及存在的问题,提出了若干对策和建议。     

THE POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING ON THE PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY OF A SUBALPINE LAKE1

ABSTRACT Atmospheric scientists have predicted that large-scale climatic changes will result from increasing levels of tropospheric CO₂ We have investigated the potential effects of climate change on the primary productivity of Castle Lake, a mountain lake in Northern California. Annual algal productivity was modeled empirically using 25 years of limnological data in order to establish predictive relationships between productivity and the climatic variables of accumulated snow depth and precipitation. The outputs of monthly temperature and precipitation from three general circulation models (GCMs) of doubled atmospheric CO₂ were then used in the regression model to predict annual algal productivity. In all cases, the GCM scenarios predicted increased algal productivity for Castle Lake under cenditions of doubled atmospheric CO₂The primary cause of enhanced productivity was the increased length of the growing season resulting from earlier spring ice-out.     

洗涤剂禁(限)磷前后水体磷负荷变化的思考

基于杭州西湖在洗涤剂禁 (限 )磷前后总磷含量的变化 ,分析了水体磷负荷的主要来源 ,以及对在我国实行洗涤剂禁 (限 )磷工作的一些思考。     

长江中下游浅水湖泊沉积物磷释放动力学

在室内模拟条件下,通过沉积物磷释放动力学实验,研究了长江中下游浅水湖泊13个沉积物的磷释放动力学特征,并分析了沉积物组成特征对磷释放动力学的影响,结果表明:(1)指数动力学模型可以很好地拟合长江中下游浅水湖泊沉积物磷释放动力学特征,前20h为快反应,磷释放速度较大,随后进入慢反应,逐渐达到最大释放量;(2)沉积物磷释放动力学特征与其组成有关,其中与总氮、总磷和有机质含量呈显著正相关,与沙粒含量呈显著负相关,而与粘粒含量没有达到显著水平,与Olsen-P(0.5mol·L-1NaHCO3,pH8.5提取的磷)和易解吸态磷(RDP)含量达极显著正相关水平;(3)可以根据总磷和有效磷含量来比较和预测湖泊沉积物磷释放动力学特征,且根据有效磷含量可以得到比根据总磷含量更可靠的结果。研究成果可为系统揭示浅水湖泊富营养化发生机制提供依据。     

Kelvin–Helmholtz Instability as a Boundary-Value Problem

The Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) instability is traditionally viewed as an initial-value problem, wherein wave perturbations of a two-layer shear flow grow over time into billows and eventually generate vertical mixing. Yet, the instability can also be viewed as a boundary-value problem. In such a framework, there exists an upstream condition where a lighter fluid flows over a denser fluid, wave perturbations grow downstream to eventually overturn some distance away from the point of origin. As the reverse of the traditional problem, this flow is periodic in time and exhibits instability in space. A natural application is the mixing of a warmer river emptying into a colder lake or reservoir, or the salt-wedge estuary. This study of the KH instability from the perspective of a boundary-value problem is divided into two parts. Firstly, the instability theory is conducted with a real frequency and complex horizontal wavenumber, and the main result is that the critical wavelength at the instability threshold is longer in the boundary-value than in the initial-value situation. Secondly, mass, momentum and energy budgets are performed between the upstream, unmixed state on one side, and the downstream, mixed state on the other, to determine under which condition mixing is energetically possible. Cases with a rigid lid and free surface are treated separately. And, although the algebra is somewhat complicated, both end results are identical to the criterion for complete mixing in the initial-value problem.     

南四湖沉积物中二噁英类化合物的分布

用1 3C同位素内标法 ,高分辨率气相色谱 高分辨率质谱对南四湖表层沉积物中 1 7种含 2 3 7 8 氯代二苯并二英 /呋喃 (PCDD/Fs)及 1 2种共平面多氯联苯 (Co PCBs)的含量、同系物异构体的分布特征、沉积通量、毒性当量及来源进行了初步分析 ,并与山东近海 (日照、烟台、青岛 )的测定结果进行比较 .总Co PCBs含量分别为 5 4 4pg·g- 1 dw (南阳湖 )和 41 4pg·g- 1 dw (微山湖 ) .总PCDD/Fs含量分别为 1 0 6 7pg·g- 1 dw (南阳湖 )和1 47 0pg·g- 1 dw (微山湖 ) .两湖含 2 3 7 8 PCDD/Fs异构体对总毒性当量浓度的贡献基本相同 ,即以四—五氯代异构体为主 .PCDD/Fs含量次序为青岛 >日照 >南四湖 >烟台 .南四湖、日照、烟台近海沉积物中的PCDD/Fs对总TEQ (PCDD/F TEQ PCB TEQ)的贡献为68 8%— 93 0 % .南四湖与山东近海沉积物中PCDDs/PCDFs比值和OCDD %∑百分比表明 ,山东省PCDD/Fs的来源较为一致 ,相对恒定 .除河口处外 ,大气沉降应是南四湖及山东近海PCDD/Fs的主要来源 .     

新疆平原湖泊(包括人工湖)水质盐化及其防治途径

新疆平原湖泊、平原水库盐化日趋严重。湖泊、水库水质盐化对渔业、灌溉、苇产、饮水和人体健康带来很大影响。引起湖泊、水库水质盐化的原因,主要是人为活动造 水盐与水量平衡关系改变的结果。为防止水质盐化,必须减少农田排水泄入河道和湖泊、增加入湖水量,扭转湖泊水量平衡长期亏损状态。     

An Application of the T‐TEL Assessment Method to Evaluate Connectivity in a Lake‐Dominated Watershed after Drought

Lakes are landscape features that influence connectivity of mass and energy by being foci for the reception, mixing, and provision of water and material. Where lake fractions are high, they influence hydrological connectivity. This behavior was exemplified in the Baker Creek watershed in Canada's Northwest Territories during a two‐year drought in which many lake levels declined below outlet elevations. This study evaluated how lakes controlled surface runoff connectivity reestablishment following the drought using a new assessment method, T‐TEL (time scales — thresholds, excesses, losses). Analysis of daily data showed that during a summer period following the drought, connectivity occurred between 0% and 41% of the time. The size of run‐of‐the‐river lakes relative to their upstream watershed area, and the upstream lake fraction, are two factors for connectivity. These terms represent a lake's ability to control the size of storage deficits relative to rainfall, and evaporation and storage losses along pathways. The connectivity magnitude–duration curve only aligned with the watershed flow duration curve during high‐water conditions, implying lakes functioned as individuals rather than as part of a perennial watercourse during much of the study. The T‐TEL method can be used to quantify consistent metrics of hydrologic connectivity that can be used for regionalization exercises and understanding hydrologic controls on material transport.     

Further Development of a Specific Conductivity Approach to Measure Groundwater Discharge Area within Lakes

Groundwater exchanges with most lakes are rarely quantified because there are many technical challenges to quantification. We investigated a lakebed mapping approach to infer the relative areas of groundwater exchange in 12 prairie shallow lakes and five Laurentian mixed forest shallow lakes in Minnesota, USA in 2011. We used a relatively common approach (seepage meters) to provide baseline information on the magnitude and direction of flow at four locations in each lake. To expand from point measurements to the whole‐lake scale, we explored use of specific conductivity as a cheaper and more time efficient proxy for groundwater discharge to lakes. We validated the approach at near shore stations in each lake where seepage meter measurements and specific conductivity surveys overlapped. Specific conductivity surveys provided a similar assessment of groundwater discharge compared to seepage meters for 50% of the lake‐sampling period combinations. The lakebed mapping approach, when validated for a lake with a limited number of seepage meter (or alternative methods) measurements, offers the advantages of being more time and labor efficient over the use of a similar number of seepage meter monitoring locations; seepage meters (or piezometers, for example) are costlier in terms of equipment and labor, even for single‐lake studies. We show the combined approach could provide useful baselines for understanding and mapping groundwater exchange in shallow lakes.     

南昌市湖泊水体中不同粒径胶体的三维荧光光谱特征研究

基于切向流超滤系统及三维荧光光谱(3D-EEM)技术,结合平行因子分析法(PARAFAC)及自组织映射神经网络(SOM),对南昌市典型湖泊水体中不同粒径胶体的荧光物质组分、来源及结构等进行分析.通过PARAFAC解谱发现,各粒径胶体主要由5种荧光组分组成,即类腐殖质组分(C1~C3)及类蛋白质组分(C4~C5).其中,类腐殖质组分主要集中在小分子量(1~10 k Da)胶体中,而类蛋白质组分则主要存在于大分子量(100 k Da~0.45μm)胶体中.同时,利用光谱指数(FI、BIX、HIX、UV254)表征胶体组分来源及其特性,结果表明,大分子量胶体以自生源为主,而小分子量胶体的腐殖化程度及芳香性更高,这与其较高比例的类腐殖质组分有关.经SOM训练,探讨了不同粒径分级胶体在SOM映射图中的分布情况,其结果与PARAFAC所得结果一致,即小分子量胶体及大分子量胶体主要分别映射于SOM的下部和上部,而类蛋白质荧光峰强度占总荧光强度的比例为自右上至左下方向递减.PARAFAC与SOM的有效结合,可为了解水体中的物质组成、掌握胶体在水环境中的环境行为及其与污染物在水体中的归趋作用提供数据支持.