天津市滨海新区湿地景观格局变化及驱动力分析

湿地是生态系统的重要组成部分,是人类最重要的生存环境之一。天津滨海新区拥有丰富的湿地资源,但近年来随着经济的发展,人类活动的增强及相关政策的执行,湿地资源受到严重威胁。为全面掌握滨海新区近年来的湿地景观格局动态变化历程,本文以1986年、1996年、2006年和2016年TM遥感影像为主要数据源,运用遥感等技术手段,对滨海新区近30年来湿地景观格局时空演化进行动态分析、质心分析及指数分析,并简要讨论了湿地景观变化的主要驱动因子。结果表明：近30年间滨海新区湿地退化情况严重,累计退化面积达524.762 km²,其中2006?—?2016年湿地面积减幅最大,高达407.947 km²,减少区域集中分布在环渤海地带的淤泥质沙滩和浅海水域,转化后类型以建设用地为主。景观动态分析及质心分析结果表明：景观整体变化特征为破碎度逐渐增强、景观形状日趋复杂、景观生态功能日益减弱、景观分布向均衡化发展,整体湿地质心不断向内陆推移。驱动力分析结果显示：经济发展、人口增长和政策调控等人为因素是该时期景观格局变化的主要驱动因素。     

Feeding over the 24-h cycle: dietary flexibility of cathemeral collared lemurs (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eulemur collaris</Emphasis>)

Animals show specific morphological, physiological and behavioural adaptations to diurnal or nocturnal activity. Cathemeral species, i.e. animals with activities distributed over the 24-h period, have to compromise between these specific adaptations. The driving evolutionary forces and the proximate costs and benefits of cathemerality are still poorly understood. Our goal was to evaluate the role of predator avoidance, food availability and diet quality in shaping cathemeral activity of arboreal mammals using a lemur species as an example. For this, two groups of collared lemurs, Eulemur collaris, were studied for 14 months in the littoral forest of southeastern Madagascar. Data on feeding behaviour were collected during all-day and all-night follows by direct observation. A phenological transect containing 78 plant species was established and monitored every 2 weeks to evaluate food availability during the study period. Characteristics of food items and animal nutritional intake were determined via biochemical analyses. The ratio of diurnal to nocturnal feeding was used as response variable in the analyses. The effects of abiotic environmental variables were removed statistically before the analyses of the biotic variables. We found that diurnal feeding lasted longer during the hot–wet season (December–February), whereas nocturnal feeding peaked during the hot–dry and cool–wet seasons (March–August). Although the lemurs foraged mostly in lower forest strata during daylight and used emergent trees preferably at night, the variables which measured animal exposure to birds of prey failed to predict the variation of the ratio of diurnal/nocturnal feeding. Ripe fruit availability and fiber intake are the two variables which best predicted the annual variation of the lemur diurnality. The data indicate that feeding over the whole 24-h cycle is advantageous during lean periods when animals have a fibre-rich, low-quality diet.     

Thresholds in Songbird Occurrence in Relation to Landscape Structure

Abstract:  Theory predicts the occurrence of threshold levels of habitat in landscapes, below which ecological processes change abruptly. Simulation models indicate that below critical thresholds, fragmentation of habitat influences patch occupancy by decreasing colonization rates and increasing rates of local extinction. Uncovering such putative relationships is important for understanding the demography of species and in developing sound conservation strategies. Using segmented logistic regression, we tested for thresholds in occurrence of 15 bird species as a function of the amount of suitable habitat at multiple scales (150–2000-m radii). Suitable habitat was defined quantitatively based on previously derived, spatially explicit distribution models for each species. The occurrence of 10 out of 15 species was influenced by the amount of habitat at a landscape scale (≥500-m radius). Of these species all but one were best predicted by threshold models. Six out of nine species exhibited asymptotic thresholds; the effects of habitat loss intensified at low amounts of habitat in a landscape. Landscape thresholds ranged from 8.6% habitat to 28.7% (     = 18.5 ± 2.6%[95% CI]). For two species landscape thresholds coincided with sensitivity to fragmentation; both species were more likely to occur in large patches, but only when the amount of habitat in a landscape was low. This supports the fragmentation threshold hypothesis. Nevertheless, the occurrence of most species appeared to be unaffected by fragmentation, regardless of the amount of habitat present at landscape extents. The thresholds we identified may be useful to managers in establishing conservation targets. Our results indicate that findings of landscape-scale studies conducted in regions with relatively high proportions of habitat and low fragmentation may not be applicable in regions with low habitat proportions and high fragmentation.     

农田生态系统中作物—昆虫—杂草的消长与农业环境

通过水旱作物轮换种植，探索与利用作物—昆虫（害虫和益虫）—杂草三大群落的消长与变迁规律，去发展生产，保持农田生态平衡，优化农业生态环境，最大限度地提高作物产量。     

The spatial links tool: Automated mapping of habitat linkages in variegated landscapes

The removal, alteration and fragmentation of habitat in many parts of the world has led to a loss of biodiversity. Within the prevailing societal limitations the process is not easily reversed. Attempts are being made to minimise the fragmentation of remaining habitat by strategically reversing or managing habitat loss. Although their relative usefulness is a topic of debate among ecologists, habitat corridors are seen as one way of maintaining spatially dependent ecological processes within landscapes where habitat has been seriously depleted. Corridors can only be effective if they significantly contribute to the species sustaining processes of gene flow, resource access or the colonisation of vacant patches. We present a spatial habitat modelling methodology for evaluating the contribution and potential contribution of connecting paths to landscape connectivity. We have developed the spatial links tool (SLT), which maps link value across a region. The SLT combines connectivity measures from metapopulation ecology with the least cost path algorithm from graph theory, and can be applied to continuously variable landscape data. Combined with expert judgement, link value maps can be used to delineate habitat corridors. The approach capitalises on some synergies between ecological relevance and computational efficiency to produce an easily applied heuristic tool that has been successfully applied in NSW Australia.     

A Fine-Scale <Emphasis Type="Italic">k</Emphasis>−ε Model for Atmospheric Flow over Heterogeneous Landscapes

A multi-purpose model for small-scale atmospheric flows over heterogeneous landscapes is being developed. The aim of this research is to build a tool able to predict the dynamical (wind, turbulence) and diffusive (gases, particles) fields over landscapes characterised by heterogeneous plant cover. In its present stage of development the model is based on the numerical integration of neutral atmospheric flow equations, using an energy-dissipation closure scheme and over a domain that may include vegetation layers. Three validation cases of the model are presented: (i) response of the airflow to a change in surface roughness; (ii) airflow within and above a horizontally homogeneous plant canopy; (iii) airflow over two complex forest-to-clearing and clearing-to-forest transitions. All simulations provide results in good agreement with the experimental data, except for turbulent kinetic energy just after a clearing-to-forest transition. This result is not surprising for a statistical k– model in a flow region characterised by strong distorsion and intermittent turbulence. However the overall good performance of the model is promising for environmental research at fine scales over heterogeneous landscapes.     

Cu~(2 )对长江华溪蟹的毒性作用

人工控制条件下 ,初步研究了长江华溪蟹 (Sinopotamonyangtsekiense)对Cu2 的毒性反应 ,并探讨其作为环境监测生物的可能性 .结果表明 ,随浓度的升高、浸药时间的延长 ,Cu2 对长江华溪蟹的毒性增大 .Cu2 的毒性与长江华溪蟹性别也有密切关系 ,雄性个体对Cu2 的忍耐度低于雌性个体 ;对达到性成熟的长江华溪蟹个体 ,Cu2 毒性与其大小无明显相关性 .温度影响Cu2 对长江华溪蟹的毒性 ,较高温度 (18℃ )下的毒性高于较低温度 (14℃ )下的毒性 .图 3表 1参 16     

Modeling joint production of wildlife and timber

Production of marketed commodities and protection of natural systems often conflict. A focus on only one goal can result in large losses in other goals and may result in inefficient and unsustainable outcomes. In this paper, we develop a method that combines economic and ecological models in a dynamic and spatial analysis to evaluate land use decisions and find cost-effective alternatives for which it is not possible to do better on one objective without harming another objective. The method is demonstrated using timber production and species conservation on a forested landscape over a 100-year planning horizon. Current land use strategies are simulated and compared with cost-effective alternatives. The approach is compared to a static reserve approach, similar to previous studies, and found to produce substantially more efficient management strategies for the case study landscape.     

南京城市环境景观设计与建设的思路及实践

城市环境景观是指能集中体现城市环境状况和整体形象的基础设施、建筑等,它对提高城市的生活质量、文化品味及投资环境具有重要意义,并将成为今后城市之间比较的重要指标。本文以“南京市市容环境卫生发展规划”工作为基础,引入城市环境景观的理念,分析南京城市环境景观的现状及存在的问题,如缺少标志性建筑与雕塑、夜景与亮化无特色,高层建筑外观和户外广告疏于管理等,进而提出南京城市环境景观设计的具体方案和建设思路,包括开发风景带,设计和建设精品建筑,加强绿化,规范户外广告等。     

广州白云山风景区植被景观异质性分析

采用信息论的线性抽样方法对白云山风景区的景观要素进行了景观异质性分析,结果表明,白云山风景区景观的异质性较大,并与景观要素的空间分布密切相关。阔叶林类型的相对频率与平均信息量最大,已在白云山风景区处于景观基质的地位,对白云山的景观结构和景观生态的变化起着决定性的作用。