南京城市环境景观设计与建设的思路及实践

城市环境景观是指能集中体现城市环境状况和整体形象的基础设施、建筑等,它对提高城市的生活质量、文化品味及投资环境具有重要意义,并将成为今后城市之间比较的重要指标。本文以“南京市市容环境卫生发展规划”工作为基础,引入城市环境景观的理念,分析南京城市环境景观的现状及存在的问题,如缺少标志性建筑与雕塑、夜景与亮化无特色,高层建筑外观和户外广告疏于管理等,进而提出南京城市环境景观设计的具体方案和建设思路,包括开发风景带,设计和建设精品建筑,加强绿化,规范户外广告等。     

广州白云山风景区植被景观异质性分析

采用信息论的线性抽样方法对白云山风景区的景观要素进行了景观异质性分析,结果表明,白云山风景区景观的异质性较大,并与景观要素的空间分布密切相关。阔叶林类型的相对频率与平均信息量最大,已在白云山风景区处于景观基质的地位,对白云山的景观结构和景观生态的变化起着决定性的作用。     

Transport and Diffusion of Ozone in the Nocturnal and Morning Planetary Boundary Layer of the Phoenix Valley

The evolution of ozone (O ₃) in the nocturnal and morning-transitional planetary boundary layer (PBL) of the Phoenix valley was measured as a part of the `Phoenix Sunrise Experiment 2001' of the U.S. Department of Energy conducted in June 2001. The goal of the field program was to study the transport, distribution and storage of ozone and its precursors in the urban boundary layer over a diurnal cycle. The ground level O <sub>3</sub> as well as mean meteorological variables and turbulence were measured over the entire period, and vertical profiling (using a tethered balloon) was made during the morning transition period. Approximately half of the observational days showed the usual diurnal cycle of high O <sub>3</sub> during the day and low O <sub>3</sub> at night, with nitrogen oxides (NO <sub>x</sub> = NO <sub>2</sub> + NO) showing an out of phase relationship with O <sub>3</sub>. The rest of the days were signified by an anomalous increase of O <sub>3</sub> in the late evening ( 2200 LST), concomitant with a sudden drop of temperature, an enhancement of wind speed and Reynolds stresses, a positive heat flux and a change of wind direction. NO <sub>x</sub> measurements indicated the simultaneous arrival of an `aged' air mass, which was corroborated by the wind predictions of a mesoscale numerical model. In all, the results indicate that the recirculation of O ₃ rich air masses is responsible for the said high-O ₃ events. Such air masses are produced during the transport of O ₃ precursors by the upslope flow toward mountainous suburbs during the day, and they return back to the city at night via downslope winds (i.e. mountain breeze). The corresponding flow patterns, and hence the high-O ₃ events, are determined by background meteorological conditions. The vertical profiling of O ₃ and flow variables during the morning transition points to a myriad of transport, mixing and chemical processes that determine the fate of tropospheric O ₃. How well such processes are incorporated and resolved in predictive O ₃ models should determine the accuracy of their predictions.     

环境噪声达标区建设的宏观经济效益分析方法

从环境经济学观点出发，运用系统论，数理统计等方法，分析环境噪声污染的直接损失与间接损失，达标区建设的硬件与软件投资、达标区建成后的直接与间接效益，建立了环境噪声达标区建设中损失－投资－效益三者的分析法，以价格机制和价值规律，促进环境噪声污染防治。     

Current uses of the EPA lead model to assess health risk and action levels for soil

The EPA lead model predicts mean blood lead levels and risk of elevated blood lead levels in children based on lead uptake from multiple sources. In the latest model versions, environmental data from individual homes within a community can be used to predict the overall blood lead distribution and percent risk of exceeding a specific blood lead level (i.e. 10 g dl^–1). Recent criteria used by the EPA to evaluate this information include no more than 5% of houses with a greater than 5% lead risk, and a community weighted-average risk below 5%. Environmental (primarily soil) and blood lead data from a residential community near a smelter were used to illustrate recent uses of the model. Scheduled remediation in the community will remove soil for approximately 60% of the houses (i.e. those with lead levels > 1000 mg kg^–1). After remediation, the model results indicate a relatively low community risk (0.5–1.9%), although the percentage of houses with lead risks above 5% ranged from 3 to as high as 13%, depending on the variation in blood lead and assuming the model's 7 g dl^–1 increase in blood lead with each 1000 mg kg^–1 increase in soil lead level. A comparison of the limited blood lead data with soil lead levels below 1000 mg kg^–1, however, indicated no apparent relationship. Given these uncertainties, less invasive actions than additional soil removal (e.g. exposure intervention, monitoring conditions, and follow-up as necessary) may be appropriate under the new EPA guidance for lead in soil.     

‘Coastal squeeze’— an historical perspective

The use of salt marsh for agricultural use has probably been going on for thousands of years. This paper will look at the situation in southeast England, particularly the Wash. Here enclosure for extended grazing and over the last several hundred years, for arable cultivation, may have taken place since Roman Times. An enclosure of Freiston Shore salt marsh (1979) and a proposed further enclosure at Gedney Drove End at about the same time raised concerns about the cumulative effect of these developments on nature conservation interests. These concerns prompted the nature conservation agencies to oppose the Gedney Drove End enclosure. Though the conservation argument did not persuade the Government that no further enclosure should take place, economic circumstances changed such that the pressure for the creation of new agricultural land diminished. This marked the end of ‘reclamation’ in the Wash. Since then, in the UK at least, there have been no further enclosures of salt marsh for agriculture. What were the arguments that lead to this change? Up to this point the perceived wisdom, in the Wash at least, was that as enclosure took place new inter-tidal land was created to seaward— with no net loss of inter-tidal land. Today we accept that this is not the case and a policy of managed re-alignment has increasingly been adopted in England, at sites ranging from the Porlock shingle ridge in north Devon to the salt marshes of Freiston in the Wash. It is argued that recognition of ‘coastal squeeze’ probably began in the Wash some 20 years ago. It would appear that we are now witnessing a reversal of this trend. How far will it take us? Will we see a return of the large expanses of tidal swamp around the Wash and elsewhere along the southern North Sea coast? Is this an inevitable consequence of global warming? This paper provides an historical perspective of the issues and arguments that have led us to recognize ‘coastal squeeze’ and the importance of dynamic coast, including the European Commission’s ‘EURosion Project’, which reported in 2004 (Salman et al. 2004).     

甘肃省景观地球化学特征初探

分析了甘肃省境内的地球化学景观特征 ,将甘肃省划分为 6个不同的地球化学景观区 ,并依据甘肃省地质矿产局 2 0余年的 1:2 0万水系沉积物测量资料 ,统计出各景观区元素含量的算数平均值及标准离差 ,与全国相应元素的水系沉积物背景值进行了对比。     

Toxic effects of selenium on marine fish

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大庆石油管理局测井公司放射源库及周围环境的放射性水平调查

对大庆测井公司放射源库及周围环境的放射性水平进行了调查,调查内容分为环境空气气溶胶辐射水平、水环境辐射水平、环境地表γ辐射空气吸收剂量率及土壤环境辐射水平四个方面.监测调查结果表明:源库内和源库外总α、总β监测值与对照点比较,均没有显著性差异,说明空气中的环境是安全的;放射源库周围水环境总α、总β监测值符合相应标准规定,说明水环境未受到放射性污染;γ辐射空气吸收剂量率监测值范围均在黑龙江省室外天然本底值21.6×10-9～196.9×10-9 Cy/h范围内,说明放射源库室外地区未受到放射性污染;土壤监测值与黑龙江省土壤放射性水平进行了对比,也未发现放射源库周围土壤环境受到放射性污染.总之,大庆石油管理局测井公司放射源库未形成对周围环境及人群健康的不良影响.