The spatial-temporal differentiation of green land use in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei urban agglomeration

ABSTRACT

As the space carrier of the construction of ecological civilization, land’s green and efficient utilization is an important guarantee for realizing national sustainable development. Based on traditional land evaluation, this paper scientifically defines the green land use, puts land as one of the production factors, and brings energy consumption, environmental pollution, etc. into the input-output system to measure the green land utilization efficiency of the urban construction land of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration from 2006 to 2016. The study shows that the overall efficiency variation of the urban agglomeration is related with the land and environment policies. Efficiency of 2016 is higher than that of 2006, and energy and environment are the principal factors affecting the green land use. The efficiency of each city is positively correlated with its economic development, negatively correlated with the construction land expansion. Efficiency gaps in different cities are expanding. There is positive correlation with overall weak space between cities, and the partial spatial agglomeration phenomenon appears. Therefore, the green land use efficiency could be improved by improving land utilization efficiency, coordinating economic growth of construction land utilization with environmental protection and taking feasible ways to transregional renovation of the stock ecological land utilization, etc.     

The Belt and Road Initiative and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: seeking linkages for global environmental governance

ABSTRACT

Global environmental cooperation serves as an important part in the Chinese ideal of building a Community with a Shared Future for all Human Beings. The report of 19th CPC National Congress indicates that China is committed to proactive mitigation under the Paris Agreement and further participating in global environmental governance under the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and both of which are largely integrated to the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). BRI are also closely linked with South–South environmental and climate cooperation proposed by China from previous UN summits. Based on shared ideas, intersected agendas, and compatible governance approaches, BRI and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development grow increasingly relevant and they might form synergies based on increasingly interactive relations. In sum, seeking and intensifying the linkages between BRI and 2030 sustainable development goals (SDGs) could address global environmental governance deficits and enhance cooperation among nations.     

北宋后期黄河上游地区耕地格局重建——以河湟谷地为例

黄河上游的河湟谷地是人类活动历史悠久的地区之一,是黄河沿线耕地开垦的最西端,聚落和耕地重建对黄河流域人类活动和全球变化研究具有重要的现实意义。通过梳理大量历史文献资料,建立了北宋后期（1117年）河湟谷地聚落和耕地数据库,以聚落空间分布为基础,运用网格化模型,重建了北宋后期河湟谷地耕地格局。结果表明：（1）北宋后期河湟谷地聚落集中分布在黄河、湟水河干流沿岸海拔相对较低、坡度较缓的河流冲积和洪积平原。（2）河湟谷地的耕地总面积为304.67 km²,分配有耕地的网格仅占全区的16.16%,垦殖率最高的网格仅为24.16%,其中,湟水河谷耕地分布网格约占全部的74.06%,黄河干流约占25.94%,说明北宋后期耕地开垦主要集中在湟水河流域。（3）从聚落分布的海拔高度来看,大部分耕地网格分布在海拔2600 m以下的川水地区,说明当时耕地分布范围不大,海拔高度极大地限制了耕地的分布,耕地主要分布在灌溉条件相对优越的地区。（4）基于聚落重建耕地空间格局,其结果符合耕地随聚落分布的事实,更具有可靠性。     

Evaluating the success of functional restoration after reintroduction of a lost avian pollinator

Conservation translocation is a common method for species recovery, for which one increasingly frequent objective is restoring lost ecological functions to promote ecosystem recovery. However, few conservation translocation programs explicitly state or monitor function as an objective, limiting the ability to test assumptions, learn from past efforts, and improve management. We evaluated whether translocations of hihi (Notiomystis cincta), a threatened New Zealand passerine, achieved their implicit objective of restoring lost pollination function. Through a pollinator-exclusion experiment, we quantified, with log response ratios (lnR), the effects of birds on fruit set and seed quality in hangehange (Geniostoma ligustrifolium), a native flowering shrub. We isolated the contributions of hihi by making comparisons across sites with and without hihi. Birds improved fruit set more at sites without hihi (lnR = 1.27) than sites with hihi (lnR = 0.50), suggesting other avian pollinators compensated for and even exceeded hihi contributions to fruit set. Although birds improved seed germination only at hihi sites (lnR = 0.22–0.41), plants at sites without hihi had germination rates similar to hihi sites because they produced 26% more filled seeds, regardless of pollination condition. Therefore, although our results showed hihi improved seed quality, they also highlighted the complexity of ecological functions. When an important species is lost, ecosystems may be able to achieve similar function through different means. Our results underscore the importance of stating and monitoring the ecological benefits of conservation translocations when functional restoration is a motivation to ensure these programs are achieving their objectives.     

兰州市城区冬季TSP容许排放总量的估算

利用RAMS大气动力模式模拟的气象场驱动中尺度大气扩散模式HYPACT的方法,模拟出TSP的浓度分布及每个污染单元对于地面浓度的分担率,然后根据TSP的国家质量标准,用线性规划的原理与方法计算了兰州市冬季典型日条件下TSP的大气环境容量.计算结果表明,兰州市全年的主要污染物TSP的大气环境容量远小于排放量,削减率达41.99%左右(2000年12月24日),需要削减的排放量很大.     

用ALMANAC作物生长模型模拟冬小麦生长

冬小麦是黄淮海地区的主要农作物。精确模拟冬小麦产量能够帮助生产者获得更好的经济效益。根据实验资料调整了ALMANAC作物生长模型部分参数后,用其对该地区的冬小麦生长进行了模拟,结果显示ALMANAC模型能够较好地模拟冬小麦的叶面积指数和产量。叶面积指数的模拟结果与实测结果的比值为1.0552,可决系数R2为0.7021;生物量模拟的最大误差为-6.01%,经济产量模拟的最大误差为-5.41%。模型还可以揭示影响冬小麦生长的主要胁迫因素。     

种植密度和降水对冬小麦田N2O排放的影响

为研究种植密度对农田N2O排放的影响和探讨N₂O排放季节性波动的原因,于1999～2000年小麦生长季在南京市郊江宁县进行了不同播种量(0、90、180和270kg/hm²)的大田试验.观测分析结果表明:在相同的气象条件和田间管理下,播种～越冬阶段的N₂O排放不受播种量的影响,返青～成熟阶段的N₂O排放通量与播种量成正比.裸地条件下的N₂O排放与播量为90kg/hm²下的排放无明显差异.造成该生长季内N₂O排放季节性波动的主要原因是降水,返青～成熟阶段的N₂O排放通量随观测日前6d的加权平均降水量呈指数增加.     

集雨种植下不同沟垄比对土壤呼吸的影响及其对水热因子的响应

为探明不同宽度沟垄集雨种植下土壤呼吸对土壤水热因子的响应机制,对比研究了沟垄比分别为20 cm∶40 cm(P40)、30 cm∶30 cm(P30)、40 cm∶20 cm(P20)的沟垄集雨种植和平作种植(CP)下冬小麦的土壤呼吸动态变化,及其与土壤温度和水分的关系.结果表明,4个处理的土壤呼吸速率在越冬期最低,返青期开始升高,扬花期前后达到峰值,之后逐渐降低.沟垄集雨处理土壤呼吸速率表现为P40P30P20,垄宽增加使呼吸速率提高1.2%~18.4%;苗期和越冬期,沟垄集雨种植提高了土壤呼吸速率,表现为P40P30P20CP,其中苗期3个沟垄集雨处理均显著高于CP(P0.05),越冬期P40处理显著高于CP;苗期和越冬期沟垄集雨种植提高了土壤温度,拔节期至成熟期CP土壤温度高于沟垄集雨处理;沟垄集雨种植能有效蓄水保墒,随着垄宽的增加集雨效果越好,苗期至拔节期降雨稀少,7.6 cm和12 cm土层土壤含水量均表现为P40P30P20CP.相关分析表明,土壤呼吸与温度的相关系数达极显著水平(P0.01),P40和P30的土壤呼吸与水分的相关系数小于P20和CP;水热双因子二次方程模型能解释呼吸变化的61.7%~74.1%,温度指数模型能解释50.3%~68.2%.本研究结果为沟垄集雨种植的生态效益评估提供理论依据.     

不同土壤耕作方式下秸秆还田量对晚稻土壤养分与微生物的影响

在耕翻、少耕和免耕条件下研究了早稻秸秆还田量对晚稻土壤养分与微生物的影响,结果表明,①秸秆还田显著提高土壤有效磷和速效钾含量,对土壤碱解氮含量的提高体现在水稻生育后期;秸秆还田对土壤碱解氮和有效磷含量的提高效果在免耕条件下最好,而对速效钾含量的提高效果在少耕条件下最好;②不同耕作方式下宜实行不同秸秆还田量,就提高有效磷和速效钾含量而言,耕翻和少耕条件下宜实行全部秸秆还田,而免耕条件下宜实行2/3秸秆还田;③秸秆还田使土壤真菌和嫌气性细菌数量减少,放线菌和好气性细菌数量增加;耕翻使土壤真菌和嫌气性细菌数量减少,好气性细菌数量增加;④土壤耕作有利于晚稻生育前期与后期土壤微生物活度的提高,秸秆还田量对土壤微生物活度的影响在不同耕作方式下表现不同,耕翻条件下以2/3还田量处理的土壤微生物活度最高,而少免耕条件下1/3还田量处理最高.     

西安市大气中二元羧酸有机气溶胶组成及来源

为研究西安市冬季大气PM10中二元羧酸类有机气溶胶的组成和来源,采集了西安市2009年1~2月份的PM10样品,并利用GC/MS对样品中二元羧酸进行了化学表征.结果表明:西安市冬季大气中二元羧酸总浓度为(1597±725)ng/m3,其中草酸浓度最高[(1162±570)ng/m3],其次是邻苯二甲酸[(196±82)ng/m3]、丁二酸[(98±71)ng/m3]和丙二酸[(58±45)ng/m3].西安市二元羧酸浓度高于北京、南京、广州、香港等城市14%~350%,表明其污染严重,其中草酸相对含量远高于国内其他城市,显示西安市冬季大气气溶胶更为老化.C3/C4, C6/C9和Ph/C9比值及其相关性进一步表明二元羧酸主要来自光化学氧化.通过对水溶性有机碳(WSOC), 有机碳(OC), 元素碳(EC), 二次有机碳(SOC)的分析,发现WSOC主要来自于二次有机碳(SOC)的形成.另外,温度升高,相对湿度增加,导致春节后尽管燃煤排放污染物减少,但二元羧酸浓度并无降低,而相对含量较节前却显著增加.