冬小麦灌溉减损经济效益的初步探讨

灌溉是获取作物高产的主要措施之一,灌溉减损经济效益与农民收入和生产经济效益密切相关.提出了从灌溉次数和灌溉量参数入手,根据灌溉投入和灌溉减损量来分析灌溉减损效益、减灾效益和生产经济效益;以华北冬麦区单点试验和调查结果为例,讨论了该方法在冬小麦减灾评估应用中的普适性和可行性.     

单季晚稻穗颈瘟气象预报集成模型

根据1985—1998年上海地区单季晚稻穗颈瘟发生程度资料、地面气象资料、500hPa高空环流因子和北太平洋海温场资料，挑选相关系数较高且稳定性好的预报因子，在应用逐步回归和逐步判别分析方法组建预报模型的基础上，集成了单季晚稻穗颈瘟发生程度的长、中、短期预报模型。3种预报集成模型的起报时间分别为当年的3月、7月和8月下旬。这3种预报集成模型对1985-1998年的历史拟合和1999—2002年的预报，误差均未超过1级。     

Prenatal diagnosis of Schwartz–Jampel syndrome with early manifestation

A mother who had given birth to a child with Schwartz–Jampel syndrome (SJS) with neonatal manifestations (myotonia, congenital contractures, bowing of femora and tibiae) underwent ultrasonic fetal examination during the 17th and 19th week of her second pregnancy. Moderately decreased fetal motor activity and constant flexion of the fingers were observed at both examinations. In addition, there was mild bowing and shortening of the femora. At birth, the child presented with the characteristic pattern of SJS similar to her older brother. Prenatal ultrasonic diagnosis of Schwartz–Jampel syndrome is possible, at least for the form with neonatal onset of myotonia and contractures.     

Germline mosaicism complicates molecular diagnosis of Lesch–Nyhan syndrome

A healthy female with a brother suffering from Lesch–Nyhan syndrome was assigned a carrier status on the basis of haplotype analysis employing flanking and intragenic polymorphic markers of the HPRT gene. Her mother has been confirmed as a definite carrier by cell growth selection studies in cultured fibroblasts. In our proposita's first pregnancy, a male fetus was identified carrying the risk allele. Afterwards, the underlying novel mutation A161E (GCA→GAA at position c482) could be identified in the affected brother and in the heterozygous mother but not in the DNA of the pregnant sister and fetus. The fetus was also confirmed to be normal by uptake of 14C-hypoxanthine in cultured amniotic cells. To test the discrepancy, the investigation was extended by recruiting additional family members. The data obtained showed that the mother had passed her risk haplotype to the affected son as well as to her mutation-carrying and non–mutation-carrying daughters. This provides the first evidence of concomitant somatic and germline mosaicism in Lesch–Nyhan syndrome. The study has a bearing on genetic counselling and cautions against the reliability of only using indirect genetic diagnosis even with intragenic markers. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

冬小麦抗霜性与抗冻性的关系

拔节期霜冻害是制约冬小麦生产的主要因素之一。然而关于冬小麦拔节期抗霜性的鉴定工作,国内外的研究报导还很少。选取了13个起源地和春化特性不同的小麦品种,通过利用人工霜箱模拟田间自然霜冻发生过程的试验方法,在小麦幼穗分化进程中的低温敏感期——药隔期进行抗霜性鉴定。同时,对这13个小麦品种越冬期间的抗冻性进行了鉴定。最后对冬小麦品种的抗冻性与抗霜性之间的相关性进行了分析。结果表明:抗霜性与抗冻性之间不存在显著的相关关系。抗冻力较强的冬性品种,抗春霜冻的能力不一定就强;相反,抗冻力较低、发育进程快的早熟品种也可能具有较强的抗霜性。     

Prenatal diagnosis of Niemann–Pick diseases types A,B and C

Prenatal diagnosis of Niemann–Pick disease types A and B is routinely accomplished by sphingomyelinase assay. For Niemann–Pick type C disease, demonstration of an abnormal intracellular cholesterol trafficking is a complex procedure, and mutational analysis (NPC1 or NPC2/HE1 gene), whenever feasible, represents a major advance. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Tetrasomy 12p—unusual presentation in CVS

CVS direct preparations usually achieve limited resolution and are better at detecting numerical rather than structural abnormalities. A CVS direct preparation analyzed using G-banding revealed a 47,XY,+G karyotype in 5 of 11 cells and was reported as mosaic for trisomy 21. Subsequent analysis of the CVS culture found only normal male cells. Amniocentesis revealed both normal male cells and cells with an extra F-group chromosome. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) identified this chromosome to be an isochromosome from the short arm of chromosome 12 [i(12)(p10)]. The amniocyte karyotype was reported as 47,XY,+i(12)(p10)[12]/46,XY[8].ish i(12)(p10)(wcp12+), which is associated with Pallister–Killian syndrome. Reexamination of the CVS direct preparation by FISH with a chromosome 12 centromere probe confirmed the karyotype of this tissue to be 47,XY,+mar[5]/46,XY[6].nuc ish 12cen(D12Z3 × 3)/12cen(D12Z3 × 2). Thus, multiple studies, including amniocentesis and fluorescence in situ hybridization, may be required to fully and accurately evaluate abnormalities detected by CVS. This case also indicates that mosaicism for supernumerary isochromosomes may have a complex origin. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Distribution of White Whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in the White Sea and the Southeastern Region of the Barents Sea during the Ice Season

The habitats, relative occurrence, and distribution of the white whale in the White Sea and the southeastern Barents sea in every month of the ice season have been studied using the results of an aerial ice survey along standard routes from 1970–1991. In these seas, white whales have been found in each month of the ice season, with single animals, groups, schools or gams, herds, and large congregations of several hundred animals accounting for 10, 22.8, 47.2, 12.9, and 7% of all aggregations of white whales observed, respectively. The relative occurrence of white whales in the White Sea is higher in March and May (32.5 and 30%, respectively) and lower in February, January, and November (15, 10, and 7.5%, respectively); in December and April, the whales are observed very seldom (2.5% in both months). In the southeastern Barents Sea, the relative occurrence of white whales is highest in May (53.3%) and considerably lower in December and February (16.7 and 10%); only a few animals are found during the remaining ice season. Regarding different habitats, the relative occurrences of white whales in open water, in water openings in the ice, near the edge of pack ice, and in ice packs with different degrees of closeness are 21.5, 11.4, 45.7, and 21.4%, respectively.     

黄土高原旱塬地冬小麦水分生产潜力与土壤水分动态的模拟研究

在EPIC模型介绍和模拟精度验证的基础上,利用EPIC模型对黄土高原旱塬地冬小麦水分生产潜力和土壤水分动态进行了中期(12a)和长期(30a)评价定量模拟研究。结果表明:(1)在12a实时气象条件下的模拟时段内,旱塬地小麦水分生产潜力随降水量变化呈现波动性降低趋势,3m土层土壤有效含水量也表现为剧烈波动性和逐渐下降趋势,土壤干燥化趋势明显;(2)在30a模拟气象条件下的模拟时段内,旱塬地小麦水分生产潜力呈现波动性轻微降低趋势,3m土层土壤有效含水量季节性和年际间波动性显著,但土壤干燥化趋势并不明显;(3)综合分析认为,在降水量减少幅度不显著的情况下,旱塬地麦田土壤干燥化只是一种短期现象,不会导致长期性土壤强烈干燥化现象发生,但产量随降水量变化的波动性不可避免。