华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系氮肥的氨挥发

 利用可多点原位测定氨挥发的风洞系统,监测了华北平原2002～2004年冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系传统和优化氮肥管理下的氨挥发损失.结果表明,氨挥发主要发生在施肥后2～3周内,以施肥后连续采样15d的氨挥发累积量作为总排放量,相同施氮量下生长季夏玉米的氨挥发大于冬小麦.优化处理的氨挥发平均损失率(35.9%)显著高于传统处理(20.9%),但从氨挥发绝对量上看,传统处理为125.1kgN/hm²,优化处理为42.3kgN/hm²,降幅达66.2%.施肥和灌水方式显著影响氨挥发,撒施碳铵后翻耕的氨挥发损失为10.1%,追肥撒施的氨挥发损失平均为24.6%;撒施尿素后立即灌水,氨挥发损失为19.7%,5h后灌水氨挥发损失为34.0%,增加了72.6%.     

Contribution of winter fluxes to the annual CH4, CO2 and N2O emissions from freshwater marshes in the Sanjiang Plain

Introduction C arbon dioxide, m ethane and nitrous oxide play im portant roles in the radiation balance of the earth contributing to the greenhouse effect (Rodhe, 1990). N 2O also takes part in the destruction of stratospheric ozone (W ang, 1999). N atura…     

应用ARID CROP模型对中国黄淮海地区冬小麦气候生产力的数值模拟研究

应用ＡＲＩＤＣＲＯＰ模型对黄淮海地区冬小麦气候生产力进行了数值模拟研究，给出了该地区冬小麦气候生产力Ｙｑ分布图，继而研究了水分保持最适状况时的光温生产力Ｙｗ分布状况，在此基础上给出了水分增产力Ｑ（Ｑ＝（Ｙｗ－Ｙｑ）／Ｙｑ）分布图。研究表明，黄淮海地区冬小麦气候生产力变幅在３７５０～９７５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２之间，总的趋势北低南高，黑龙港地区出现了一个３７５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２的低值区。水分是黄淮海北部地区冬小麦气候生产力的一个重要限制因子，当水分完全适宜时，南部淮河流域冬小麦气候生产力仅可提高５％～１０％，而黄淮海北部地区气候生产力则可提高７５％～１００％。用黄淮海地区冬小麦高产记录与生产力模拟值进行了对比分析，表明用ＡＲＩＤＣＲＯＰ模型对该地区冬小麦气候生产力进行研究是可行的，该研究为引黄灌溉提供了一定的理论依据。     

The importance of late pregnancy scans for renal tract abnormalities

A 12-month prospective population study of antenatal patients was undertaken in a large district general hospital to assess ultrasound scanning in late pregnancy for the detection of non-lethal fetal renal abnormalities. The rate of false-negative antenatal scans during the study period was also assessed. Both 18–20 and 28–32 weeks' gestational scans were performed on 6497 pregnant women. Forty fetuses with a suspected abnormality were referred for postnatal examination and 29 neonates were found to have renal abnormalities. Of these, 21 were significant and eight were likely to be extrarenal pelves. In six, there was evidence of an abnormality at the early scan. Nine children, seven with reflux, presented within the study period, all with preceding normal antenatal scans. The incidence (0·46 per cent) of structural renal abnormalities is similar to that reported previously. A late scan is necessary for the antenatal detection of non-lethal renal abnormalities.     

应用EPIC模型计算黄土塬区作物生产潜力的初步尝试

黄土高原地区土壤侵蚀强烈,土地现实生产力水平低,研究该地区作物生产潜力可以为有效提高作物产量及合理进行农业生产规划提供依据。论文介绍了EPIC(侵蚀-生产力影响计算模型)的特点、组成部分及应用步骤,对部分作物参数进行了修订。以黄土塬区冬小麦和春玉米为例,对EPIC模型的适用性进行了分析和验证,表明EPIC在黄土高原地区作物生产潜力模拟研究中具有较好的适用性。结果显示,冬小麦产量模拟值与实测值之间多年平均误差为7.78%;春玉米多年平均误差为9.60%。冬小麦水分胁迫天数多年平均为9.9天,最少为1.7天(1993年),最多为23.1天(1995年);春玉米水分胁迫天数多年平均为13.4天,最少为1.1天(1993年),最多为44.2天(1995年),与各年作物生育期降水情况基本一致。此模型经修正后在正常年份模拟值较为精确,在干旱年份对作物、土壤等参数的修正方法需要进一步探讨。     

浅层咸水灌溉对冬小麦和土壤安全性的研究

主要研究利用浅层地下咸水灌溉冬小麦及土壤的安全性。试验采取3因素多水平组合设计,利用2.5~6.0g·L-1不同矿化度咸水对冬小麦进行灌溉。试验结果表明:冬小麦产量与咸水矿化度呈负相关关系r=-0.8542、r=-0.8457,与咸水灌溉量呈正相关关系r=0.7487、r=0.7401。利用小于4.0g·L-1咸水灌溉对土壤具有一定的脱盐作用,咸水矿化度为6.0g·L-1时土壤中的盐分积累达到85.5%。矿化度5.0g·L-1以上的咸水不宜直接灌溉农田,需经淡水与咸水调配后,矿化度在4.0g·L-1以下方可灌溉农田。     

Detection of the toughest: Pedestrian injury risk as a smooth function of age

Objective: Though it is common to refer to age-specific groups (e.g., children, adults, elderly), smooth trends conditional on age are mainly ignored in the literature. The present study examines the pedestrian injury risk in full-frontal pedestrian-to–passenger car accidents and incorporates age—in addition to collision speed and injury severity—as a plug-in parameter.

Methods: Recent work introduced a model for pedestrian injury risk functions using explicit formulae with easily interpretable model parameters. This model is expanded by pedestrian age as another model parameter. Using the German In-Depth Accident Study (GIDAS) to obtain age-specific risk proportions, the model parameters are fitted to the raw data and then smoothed by broken-line regression.

Results: The approach supplies explicit probabilities for pedestrian injury risk conditional on pedestrian age, collision speed, and injury severity under investigation. All results yield consistency to each other in the sense that risks for more severe injuries are less probable than those for less severe injuries. As a side product, the approach indicates specific ages at which the risk behavior fundamentally changes. These threshold values can be interpreted as the most robust ages for pedestrians.

Conclusions: The obtained age-wise risk functions can be aggregated and adapted to any population. The presented approach is formulated in such general terms that in can be directly used for other data sets or additional parameters; for example, the pedestrian's sex. Thus far, no other study using age as a plug-in parameter can be found.     

The role of drug and alcohol use and the risk of motor vehicle crashes in Shiraz,Iran, 2014: A case–crossover study

Background: Traffic accidents and traffic-related injuries and mortality have become a major public health concern in Iran. This study aimed to examine the role of drug and alcohol use in motor vehicle accidents in Iran.

Methods: This case–crossover study was conducted on 441 drivers who survived a road traffic crash and were taken to the emergency department of Shahid Rajaee trauma hospital in Shiraz, southern Iran. Data were collected using checklists that included demographic characteristics and drug and alcohol use prior to driving. Alcohol and drug use was identified through self-report, and cannabis, morphine, and methamphetamine urine tests were used to confirm drug abuse among drivers.

Results: In total 17.9% of drivers reported using drugs (cannabis, opium, or metamphetamine) and 8.84% of drivers reported consuming alcohol prior to the collision. The crude odds ratios (ORs) for having a crash for opium, cannabis, and metamphetamine were 1.94 (95% interval confidence [CI], 1.11–3.38), 2.37 (95% CI, 1.03–5.42), 5.5 (95% CI, 1.21–24.81), respectively, and for all drugs was 3.83 (95% CI, 2.28–6.43). The OR for alcohol was 3.5 (95% CI, 1.73–7.06) based on self-report.

Conclusion: Drug and alcohol use are increasing the risk of traffic crashes in Iran. Risk-reducing programs must be designed and implemented.     

有机肥及补充灌溉对旱地农田温室气体排放的影响

在农业生产中,提高作物产量减少农田温室气体排放具有重要意义.本文采用静态箱-气相色谱法,在黄土高原半干旱半湿润区,以单施氮肥180 kg·hm~(-2)(以N计)为对照,研究了氮肥180 kg·hm~(-2)+有机肥45×103kg·hm~(-2)(NM)、氮肥180 kg·hm~(-2)+有机肥45×103kg·hm~(-2)+拔节期灌水(NMW)处理在冬小麦生育期温室气体的变化规律及其综合增温潜势(Global warming potential,GWP),并计算温室气体排放强度(Greenhouse gas intensity,GHGI),以明确有机肥及补充灌溉的增产潜力及对温室气体的减排效果.结果表明:(1)整个生育期CO_2排放速率随作物生长发育的加速而逐渐加快,接近成熟期其排放速率降低;N_2O排放峰均出现在施肥、降雨及灌水后.NM、NMW处理的CO_2累积排放量(以C计,下同)分别为14933.35 kg·hm~(-2)、15929.74 kg·hm~(-2),比对照分别增加了22.8%、31.0%;N_2O累积排放量(以N计,下同)分别为0.48kg·hm~(-2)、0.52 kg·hm~(-2),比对照分别降低了23.8%、17.5%;CH4累积吸收量分别为1.73 kg·hm~(-2)、1.87 kg·hm~(-2),比对照分别降低了18.4%、11.8%.(2)CH4吸收速率与土壤温度呈显著性正相关,而与土壤含水量呈显著性负相关;CO_2排放速率与土壤温度及含水量均呈显著性正相关;N_2O排放速率与土壤温度、含水量及硝态氮含量均呈显著性正相关,与铵态氮含量呈负相关.(3)NM、NMW处理的GWP比对照分别降低了27.8%、21.2%;NM、NMW均显著增加了小麦产量,增产率分别为24.6%、36.7%.NM、NMW的GHGI比对照分别降低了41.9%、42.4%.说明在施用有机肥及有机肥加补充灌水在增加作物产量的同时,达到了温室气体减排的作用.     

盘锦市冬季PM2.5水溶性离子特征及来源分析

为探讨盘锦市冬季PM_(2.5)水溶性离子污染特征和来源,于2017年1月采集3个点位的PM_(2.5)样品,用ICS-900离子色谱仪分析了8种离子(Na~+、Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)、K~+、NH_4~+、SO_4~(2-)、Cl~-和NO_3~-).开展了PM_(2.5)和离子浓度特征分析、硫氧化率(SOR)和氮氧化率(NOR)计算、离子平衡计算、主成分分析等.结果表明:盘锦市冬季PM_(2.5)浓度与水溶性离子浓度特征为文化公园开发区第二中学;SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、NH_4~+质量浓度较大;冬季硫氧化率(SOR)和氮氧化率(NOR)的均值均大于0.10,说明SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-主要由SO_2和NO_x转化而来;阳离子和阴离子当量相关性较强;开发区整体上呈现出中性,文化公园与第二中学呈现出偏碱性;盘锦市PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子主要来源于煤烟尘,生物质燃烧,二次粒子以及扬尘.