川中丘陵地区冬水田甲烷排放特征研究

以川中丘陵地区典型冬水田为对象,设置了有水稻常规施肥(RF)、无水稻常规施肥(NP)、有水稻无氮肥(NN)3种处理,以静态暗箱-气相色谱法对甲烷(CH_4)排放进行了原位观测.结果表明,RF、NP和NN处理下CH_4排放通量分别为-0.0042~18.29、0.03~16.78和0.10~26.76mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),平均排放通量分别为10.22、4.25和14.15 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)(以每平方米每小时消耗/产生的C量(mg)计),水稻生长季是主要排放期,但休闲季CH_4排放量仍占全年CH_4总排放量的14%.没有水稻处理的CH_4排放量显著低于有水稻处理(p0.01);而不施氮肥处理的CH_4排放量显著高于施肥处理(p0.01).CH_4排放通量与5 cm深土壤温度呈显著正相关(p0.01),随着温度的升高,甲烷排放量呈指数增加.CH_4排放通量与1~4 cm的稻田水深呈显著负相关(p0.01),随着水深的增加,甲烷的排放呈指数迅速下降;而与4~8 cm的稻田水深无相关性,甲烷的排放也变化缓慢.由此表明,土壤温度和水深在很大程度上调控着CH_4的排放.此外,研究结果也显示将冬水田休闲期改为旱作可减少CH_4排放,对环境有利.     

UV-B辐射增强与O3胁迫对冬小麦光合特征的影响

为探明UV-B和O3复合胁迫对冬小麦光合作用的影响,开展了UV-B和O3单因子及其复合的大田开顶式气室（OTC）试验（CK,自然空气和UV-B辐射强度;T1,O3含量100 nmol.mol-1±9 nmol.mol-1;T2,UV-B辐射强度相对CK增加10%～10.9%;T3,复合处理组）,利用LCpro＋光合仪和...     

水温和营养盐增加对太湖冬、春季节藻类生长的影响

为探讨水温和营养盐增加对冬、春季节太湖藻类生长和群落演替的影响,研究了不同水温(不增温、12.0、14.0、16.0、18.0、20.0℃)和不同营养盐浓度(低、中、高营养盐浓度)下藻类的生长及优势种群变化. 结果表明:藻类∑ρ(Chla)〔蓝藻、绿藻及硅藻中ρ(Chla)总量,下同〕随着水温的升高呈增加趋势,在20.0℃下∑ρ(Chla)为0.19~12.94μg/L,显著高于其他水温试验组(0.01~6.83μg/L);与较低水温(不增温、12.0、14.0℃)相比,较高水温(16.0、18.0、20.0℃)更能显著促进藻类对氮、磷营养盐的吸收利用. 添加营养盐后,硅藻、绿藻ρ(Chla)的日均值分别为0.52~4.07、0.17~0.52μg/L;湖水中∑ρ(Chla)呈增长趋势,并且浮游植物群落结构的优势种由绿藻转变为硅藻,硅藻ρ(Chla)所占比例从试验初始的50%升至75%~98%, 说明营养盐增加可加大硅藻的竞争优势;而绿藻的生长则可能同时受水温和营养盐共同作用的影响,因此太湖冬、春季节藻类的演替同时受到水温和营养盐的影响.      

大气臭氧浓度升高对农作物产量的影响

大气O₃浓度升高对农作物产量的影响是评估大气O₃造成农作物减产及经济损失的基础. 分别在北京和广东东莞建立OTC(田间开顶式气室)系统,开展大气O₃对大田冬小麦和水稻的影响研究,在整个生长期对作物进行O₃熏蒸,计算O₃暴露量,获得冬小麦和水稻产量与O₃暴露量之间的响应关系. 结果表明:东莞水稻临界水平(以AOT40计,AOT40为大于40nL/L的小时平均φ(O₃)与40nL/L差值的累计值)为4.95μL/(L·h),而北京冬小麦为2.44μL/(L·h). 根据我国已有农作物O₃暴露量-产量响应关系计算可知,我国水稻和冬小麦的AOT40分别为4.950~9.506和2.280~3.858μL/(L·h),水稻对O₃的敏感性从我国北方到南方呈逐渐增加态势,但冬小麦对O₃敏感性并无明显的地域变化规律. 在大田环境大气φ(O₃)条件下,东莞水稻相对产量损失为2.70%〔AOT40=2.68μL/(L·h)〕,北京冬小麦的相对产量损失为12.85%〔AOT40=6.72μL/(L·h)〕. 我国农作物生长环境多样,作物种类繁多,需要继续开展试验研究来建立本地化O₃暴露量-产量响应关系,用于合理评估区域农作物产量损失.      

Problems and issues in laser beam welding of aluminum–lithium alloys

Aluminum–lithium (Al–Li) alloys are very attractive for potential aerospace applications due to their lower density, higher specific strength and rigidity, better corrosion and fatigue crack growth resistance properties, compared to conventional aluminum alloys. Laser beam welding (LBW), being an advanced joining method, has already been approved for applications involving aluminum alloys. However, there are still a number of problems and issues to be answered and solved in LBW of Al–Li alloys. In this review, the properties of Al–Li alloys and the characteristics of LBW are introduced, the formation and prevention of the main weld defects such as porosity and hot cracking are discussed, and then the weld microstructure and the joint mechanical properties are described in highlight. At the end, an outlook on future trends is presented.     

洞庭湖流域冬季降水的时空变化及与全球海温的关系

论文基于1961-2015年洞庭湖流域96个气象站点逐月降水数据和英国哈德莱中心月平均海表温度资料,利用EOF、Morlet小波和偏相关分析等方法,对洞庭湖流域冬季降水的时空变化和周期特征进行分析,并探讨影响流域冬季降水的关键海区及其关键时段。结果表明：在年际时间尺度上,洞庭湖流域冬季降水主要存在全区一致型、南北反向型和中部-南北部反向型3个模态,各模态分别具有12 a、16 a和7 a左右的长周期以及3 a左右的短周期。在与全球海温的关系方面,流域冬季降水与ENSO和南海海温均存在显著相关,平均而言,在ENSO处于暖位相或南海海温偏高时,流域冬季降水易偏多,反之,则流域冬季降水易偏少;但ENSO和南海海温对流域冬季降水的影响范围及其关键时段存在明显差异,其中ENSO的影响范围主要分布在流域南部,其在前期10月与流域冬季降水相关性最好,而南海海温的影响范围集中在流域东部,其在次年2月与流域冬季降水相关性达到最高。     

秸秆还田下不同追氮量对麦田土壤真菌群落结构和生态网络的影响

秸秆还田和肥料施用是农田土壤养分输入的主要来源,秸秆还田条件下配合适宜的化肥施用量能够在环境友好的前提下为作物生产提供必要的营养.为明确秸秆还田条件下不同追氮量对麦田土壤真菌群落的影响,从土壤生态功能角度评估冬小麦氮肥管理措施的合理性.在秸秆全量还田基施氮肥150 kg·hm^-2基础上,多年定位设置5个追氮量(0、 37.5、 75、 112.5和150 kg·hm^-2)处理,采用实时荧光定量PCR和高通量测序技术分析冬小麦成熟期土壤真菌群落丰度、多样性、结构和生态网络,探讨驱动土壤真菌群落变化的主要土壤理化因子.结果表明,和不追施氮肥和低追氮量处理相比,高追氮量处理增加了土壤全氮和无机氮含量,降低了土壤pH值、全磷、有效磷和速效钾含量.和不追施氮肥处理相比,追氮量37.5～150 kg·hm^-2处理显著增加了土壤真菌群落丰度(P<0.05),而追施氮肥各处理间差异未达显著水平(P>0.05).土壤真菌群落Heip指数和Shannon指数随追氮量的增加逐渐降低,追氮量150 kg·hm^-2     

Effects of ground-level ozone (O3) pollution on the yields of rice and winter wheat in the Yangtze River Delta

Effects of elevated O3 on the yields of rice and winter wheat were studied by using open-top chambers(OTCs).Results showed that compared to the control treatment,200 ppb,100ppb,50ppb treatments caused a 80.4%,58.6%and 10.5% decrease in grain yields per winter wheat plant and a 49.1%,26.1% and 8.2% decrease in grain yield per rice plant,respectively.According to the dose-response relation educed from OTCs experiment and the monitor data of O3 concentrations in spots,it was estimated that the yield losses of rice and winter wheat resulted by O3 pollution in the Yangtze River Delta region in 1999 were 0.599 million ton and 0.669 million ton,economic losses were 0.539 billion RMB Yuan and 0.936 billion RMB Yuan,respectively.     

Successful intrauterine shunting of a sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) causing fetal bladder obstruction

We report a case of a sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) diagnosed at 22 weeks with a substantial intrapelvic cystic extension leading to bladder outlet obstruction and hydronephrosis at 27 weeks. Prenatal percutaneous shunting of the cystic teratoma was performed at 28 weeks to avoid prolonged fetal pelvic compression by the tumour that could have adverse effects by stretching the pelvic plexus and sacral nerves. Urinary dilatation resolved completely after shunting and a 3880 g baby girl was delivered at 39 weeks. The potential benefits of in utero shunting to avoid urological complications of SCTs with intrapelvic extension are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.