河流底泥施用对土壤微生物群落功能多样性和小麦生长的影响

设置0（对照）、20、60和100g·kg-1 3个底泥施用量水平,研究施用底泥对冬小麦籽粒Cd含量以及土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响。结果表明,60和100g·kg-1底泥施用处理小麦穗质量和千粒重显著高于对照（P〈0．05）。各处理间小麦籽粒cd含量无显著差异。与对照相比,施用底泥并没有显著改变土壤中可培养细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量。整个培养过程中土壤微生物平均颜色变化率（IAWCD）以及96h时微生物多样性指数（Shannon指数、Simpson指数、McIntosh指数）在对照与底泥施用处理间无显著差异。主成分分析（PCA）表明,仅有占总变量方差14．22％的PC3能识别出对照土壤微生物群落碳源利用谱与底泥施用处理间的差异,而PCI（21．76％）、PC2（16．32％）和PC4（11．62％）则无法将对照与底泥施用处理区分开来。可见,该试验条件下合理的底泥施用量并不会对小麦籽粒Cd含量、微生物功能多样性和土壤质量产生显著影响。     

Use of data on avian demographics and site persistence during overwintering to assess quality of restored riparian habitat

Monitoring responses by birds to restoration of riparian vegetation is relatively cost-effective, but in most assessments species-specific abundances, not demography, are monitored. Data on birds collected during the nonbreeding season are particularly lacking. We captured birds in mist nets and resighted banded birds to estimate species richness and diversity, abundance, demographic indexes, and site-level persistence of permanent-resident and overwintering migrants in remnant and restored riparian sites in California. Species richness in riparian remnants was significantly higher than in restored sites because abundances of uncommon permanent residents were greater in remnants. Species richness of overwintering migrants did not differ between remnants and restored sites. Responses among overwintering migrants (but not permanent residents) to remnant and restored riparian sites differed. Capture rates were higher in remnant or restored riparian sites for 7 of 10 overwintering migratory species. For Lincoln's Sparrows (Melospiza lincolnii) and White-crowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys) proportions of older birds were significantly higher in remnants, even though capture rates of these species were higher in restored sites. Overwinter persistence of 4 migrant species was significantly higher in remnant than in restored sites. A higher proportion of Hermit Thrushes (Catharus guttatus, 56.3%), older Fox Sparrows (Passerella iliaca, 57.1%), Lincoln's Sparrows (59.7%), and White-crowned Sparrows (67.8%) persisted in remnants than restored sites. Our results suggest restored riparian sites provide habitat for a wide variety of species in comparable abundances and diversity as occurs in remnant riparian sites. Our demographic and persistence data showed that remnants supported some species and age classes to a greater extent than restored sites.     

根修剪对冬小麦根系效率、水分利用及产量的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了根修剪对冬小麦根系效率、水分利用及产量形成的影响.结果表明,在不同水分条件下,根修剪均减少了小麦的根量及根呼吸速率,但对根冠比没有显著影响.在湿润和中度干旱条件下,根修剪提高了小麦花期的光合速率和根系效率;在严重干旱胁迫条件下,根修剪小麦的光合速率显著下降,但根系效率与对照相比没有显著差异.在湿润条件下,小剪根处理对籽粒产量并没有显著的影响,而大剪根处理小麦的籽粒产量显著下降;在中度干旱胁迫条件下,小剪根处理小麦的产量(25.18 g pot-1)显著高于对照(22.31 g par-1),但大剪根处理小麦的产量(18.34 g pot-1)显著下降;在严重干旱条件下,两个剪根处理小麦的产量均显著下降.在湿润和中度干旱胁迫条件下,小剪根处理籽粒产量水平的水分利用效率(分别为1.57 g kg-1和1.85 g kg-1)显著大于相应的对照处理(分别为1.46 g kg-1和1.55 g kg-1),但大剪根处理水分利用效率和对照相比没有显著差异;在严重干旱条件下,各剪根处理的水分利用效率和对照相比没有显著差异.可见,在湿润和中度干旱条件下进行的适当根修剪根对作物生产是有利的.图1表3参15     

大气臭氧浓度升高对农作物产量的影响

大气O₃浓度升高对农作物产量的影响是评估大气O₃造成农作物减产及经济损失的基础. 分别在北京和广东东莞建立OTC(田间开顶式气室)系统,开展大气O₃对大田冬小麦和水稻的影响研究,在整个生长期对作物进行O₃熏蒸,计算O₃暴露量,获得冬小麦和水稻产量与O₃暴露量之间的响应关系. 结果表明:东莞水稻临界水平(以AOT40计,AOT40为大于40nL/L的小时平均φ(O₃)与40nL/L差值的累计值)为4.95μL/(L·h),而北京冬小麦为2.44μL/(L·h). 根据我国已有农作物O₃暴露量-产量响应关系计算可知,我国水稻和冬小麦的AOT40分别为4.950~9.506和2.280~3.858μL/(L·h),水稻对O₃的敏感性从我国北方到南方呈逐渐增加态势,但冬小麦对O₃敏感性并无明显的地域变化规律. 在大田环境大气φ(O₃)条件下,东莞水稻相对产量损失为2.70%〔AOT40=2.68μL/(L·h)〕,北京冬小麦的相对产量损失为12.85%〔AOT40=6.72μL/(L·h)〕. 我国农作物生长环境多样,作物种类繁多,需要继续开展试验研究来建立本地化O₃暴露量-产量响应关系,用于合理评估区域农作物产量损失.      

西安市冬季重污染天PM2.5高分辨率及其中碳气溶胶污染特征分析

为了研究西安市冬季重污染天PM2.5及其中碳气溶胶的变化特征,在2013年1月1日至2013年2月28日大气污染严重的天气进行24 h连续的PM2.5样品采集,再通过Model-4型全自动半连续式在线光/热法大气气溶胶OC/EC分析仪分析得出OC、EC的连续质量浓度值。结果表明,西安市PM2.5质量浓度冬季重污染天日循环变化规律明显,均大致呈现双峰模式,白天和夜间各有一个高峰。2月份的每个PM2.5质量浓度值高峰和低峰的出现均比1月份晚2-3 h,夜晚的高峰值比1月份低,PM2.5质量浓度比1月份上升得慢,下降得快。气象条件能对PM2.5质量浓度产生较强的影响。2月份PM2.5质量浓度值整体比1月份低,但在2月10日出现突越（499μg·m-3）,这与春节假期人为活动变化有关。OC/PM2.5、EC/PM2.5、TCA/PM2.5日变化幅度都较小,这说明OC、EC、TCA的来源比较一致;OC/EC值的平均值为6.63,表明西安冬季重污染期PM2.5中的一次来源主要为燃煤排放。PM2.5、OC、EC、TCA和OC/EC的值较2010年都有明显的上升,但OC/PM2.5、EC/PM2.5、TCA/PM2.5的值却是下降的,这说明近年来PM2.5及碳气溶胶的控制措施效果不明显,碳气溶胶二次来源增加,PM2.5的排放来源变得更加复杂。OC和TCA日循环变化呈现出明显的双峰特征;EC的变化趋势不明显。一天中OC/EC值多数时候处于较高水平,且受早晚车流量高峰的影响不明显,说明西安冬季重污染期间碳气溶胶受光化学反应转化的二次来源影响比较大。OC、EC的线性相关性比较好,且白天相对夜晚好,说明西安市冬季夜间燃煤采暖增加了碳气溶胶来源的复杂性。     

水温和营养盐增加对太湖冬、春季节藻类生长的影响

为探讨水温和营养盐增加对冬、春季节太湖藻类生长和群落演替的影响,研究了不同水温(不增温、12.0、14.0、16.0、18.0、20.0℃)和不同营养盐浓度(低、中、高营养盐浓度)下藻类的生长及优势种群变化. 结果表明:藻类∑ρ(Chla)〔蓝藻、绿藻及硅藻中ρ(Chla)总量,下同〕随着水温的升高呈增加趋势,在20.0℃下∑ρ(Chla)为0.19~12.94μg/L,显著高于其他水温试验组(0.01~6.83μg/L);与较低水温(不增温、12.0、14.0℃)相比,较高水温(16.0、18.0、20.0℃)更能显著促进藻类对氮、磷营养盐的吸收利用. 添加营养盐后,硅藻、绿藻ρ(Chla)的日均值分别为0.52~4.07、0.17~0.52μg/L;湖水中∑ρ(Chla)呈增长趋势,并且浮游植物群落结构的优势种由绿藻转变为硅藻,硅藻ρ(Chla)所占比例从试验初始的50%升至75%~98%, 说明营养盐增加可加大硅藻的竞争优势;而绿藻的生长则可能同时受水温和营养盐共同作用的影响,因此太湖冬、春季节藻类的演替同时受到水温和营养盐的影响.      

Sensitivity of a coupled physical–biological model to turbulence: high-frequency simulations in a northern Adriatic station

This paper investigates the impacts of different turbulence models on the biological state at an ocean station in the northern Adriatic sea, named S3, comparing them with other uncertainties inherent to coupled physical–biological simulations. The numerical tool is a 1-D model resulting from the coupling of two advanced numerical models. The hydrodynamic part is modelled using the General Ocean Turbulence Model (www.gotm.net), in a version adopting state-of-the-art second-moment Turbulence Closure Models (TCMs). Marine biogeochemistry is parameterized with the Biogeochemical Flux Model (http://www.bo.ingv.it/bfm), which is a direct descendant of ERSEM (European Regional Sea Ecosystem Model). Results, obtained by forcing the model with hourly wind and solar radiation data and assimilating salinity casts, are compared against monthly observations made at the station during 2000–2001. Provided that modern second-moment TCMs are employed, the comparisons indicate that both the physical and the biological dynamics are relatively insensitive to the choice of the particular scheme adopted, suggesting that TCMs have finally ‘converged’ in recent years. As a further example, the choice of the nutrient boundary conditions has an impact on the system evolution that is more significant than the choice of the specific TCM, therefore representing a possible limitation of the 1-D model applied to stations located in a Region of Freshwater Influence. The 1-D model simulates the onset and intensity of the spring–summer bloom quite well, although the duration of the bloom is not as prolonged as in the data. Since local dynamics appears unable to sustain the bloom conditions well into summer, phytoplankton at the station was most likely influenced by river input or advection processes, an aspect that was not found when the S3 behaviour was adequately modelled using climatological forcings. When the focus is in predicting high-frequency dynamics, it is more likely that lateral advection cannot be neglected. While the physical state can be satisfactorily estimated at these short time scales, the accurate estimation of the biological state in coastal regions still appears as rather elusive.     

Sorption and mobility of polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000) in tropical soils

Millions of tons of polyethylene glycols (PEGs) are manufactured worldwide and most of them will reach conventional sewage disposal systems after industrial utilization. This raises environmental concerns, but not much is known about the environmental fate of these polymers. The main goals of this research were to evaluate sorption and mobility of PEG in sandier soils of Brazil. PEG 4000 was applied to the soils either freely in solution or as a simulated bioassay residue. The bioassay was prepared to simulate PEG as it is present in the animal feces. It allowed us to compare PEG mobility for both forms of environment disposal. PEG showed very low sorption (<22% of the applied PEG) and high mobility potential (>43% of the applied amount in the free-PEG and >24% of the applied amount in the bioassay-PEG experiment) in the studied soils. When PEG was applied, simulating its supply to animal diets, about 30% of its applied amount was retained into the bioassay residues and its leaching potential was reduced, whereas the remaining amount (about 70%) was readily available in solution and could be directly released into the environment.     

Modeling and optimization of Nile blue sulfate mineralization by heterogeneous fenton oxidation

Artificial neural network and response surface methodology have been used to develop a model for simulation and optimization of the removal of Nile blue sulfate by heterogeneous Fenton oxidation. Experimental data were used to train an artificial neural network model with linear transfer function at the output layer and a tangent sigmoid transfer function at the hidden layer. A Box–Behnken design was employed to assess the effects of input process parameters on the total organic carbon removal. First order kinetics and lumped kinetics models were used to describe the reaction; a high regression coefficient indicated that the latter fitted best. The formation of non-oxidizable compounds was shown by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry.