能源安全观助解我国《能源法》之结

中国已相继出台诸如《煤炭法》、《电力法》、《节约能源法》、《可再生能源法》等一系列与能源有关的法律法规,但严峻的能源形势使得一部能源领域的基本法的制定成为迫切需要.美国《能源政策法2005》在一定程度上对我国《能源法》的构建有很好的借鉴意义,但中国要制定《能源法》首先应结合中国的国情对《能源法》进行科学定位.能源安全观作为一种基本理念对把能源安全放在首位的《能源法》来说有着特殊重要的意义,这个基本理念将对《能源法》的基本原则和基本制度的理性建构产生深刻的影响.     

阿拉善盟黑风暴发生规律及防治对策

本文通过1993年“5．5黑风暴”及1998年“4．15黑风暴”为线索,从生态环境角度就黑风暴的起因进行初步剖析。然后就如何恢复阿拉善生态平衡,减少黑风暴危害提出一些对策。     

超塑性恒压充模胀形过程中材料的流动和充填规律

采用刚粘塑性有限元法模拟超塑性恒压充模胀形过程,给出了材料质点的流动轨迹和不同时刻的胀形件剖面形状,分析了模具几何形状参数对单元贴模次序、贴模部位的影响。     

室内空气中甲醛污染与防治

甲醛是室内空气中最主要的污染物质之一,对人体健康有非常大的危害.本文采用国家标准方法--酚试剂分光光度法对成都50多处房屋室内的甲醛浓度及其变化规律作了具体的分析,结果显示,总样品甲醛平均浓度为0.141mg/m3,超标率为50%,各采样点甲醛最高浓度为0.296mg/m3,超过国家标准值的2倍多.甲醛浓度水平随着时间的推移先是有一个升高的过程,然后才不断降低,所以建议延长空置时间,增加有效通风量,请有关部门检验合格后方可入住.     

冶炼厂粗铅生产线废气治理技术研究

文章从治理工艺、主要设备、设计指标、工程运行监测结果及经济指标等方面,介绍了某冶炼厂采用除尘、SO2烟气制酸及脱硫工艺治理烧结机-鼓风炉粗铅生产线产生的废气,从实际监测结果可知该工程运行稳定,废气中的各项污染物排放浓度均符合排放标准的要求,处理效果分别达到《工业炉窑大气污染物排放标准》(GB9078-1996)二级标准和《大气污染物综合排放标准》(GB16297-1996)周界外废气无组织排放限值的要求.     

Safety effectiveness and crash cost benefit of red light cameras in Missouri

Objective: Red light cameras (RLCs) have generated heated discussions over issues of safety effectiveness, revenue generation, and procedural due process. This study focuses on the safety evaluation of RLCs in Missouri, including the economic valuation of safety benefits. The publication of the national Highway Safety Manual (HSM; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials) in 2010 produced statistical safety models for intersections and spurred the calibration of these models to local conditions.

Methods: This study adds to existing knowledge by applying the latest statistical methodology presented in the HSM and more current data. Driver behavior constantly changes due in part to driving conditions and the use of technology. The safety and economic benefit evaluation was performed using the empirical Bayes method, which accounts for regression to the mean bias. For the economic benefit evaluation, the KABCO crash severity scale and crash cost estimates were used. A total of 24 4-leg urban intersections were randomly selected from a master list of RLCs in Missouri from 2006 to 2011. Additionally, 35 comparable nontreated intersections were selected for the analysis.

Results and Conclusions: The implementation of RLCs reduced overall angle crashes by 11.6%, whereas rear-end crashes increased by 16.5%. The net economic crash cost benefit of the implementation of RLCs was $35,269 per site per year in 2001 dollars (approximately $47,000 in 2015 dollars). Thus, RLCs produced a sizable net positive safety benefit that is consistent with previous statistical studies.     

Road accident fatality risks for “vulnerable” versus “protected” road users in northern Ghana

Background: Road traffic injuries (RTIs) are a serious epidemic that claims more than a million lives across the globe each year. The burden of RTIs is particularly pronounced in Africa and other low- and middle-income countries. The unfavorable disparity of the burden of road trauma in the world is largely attributable to unsafe vehicles, lack of appropriate road infrastructure, and the predominance of vulnerable road users (VRUs) in developing countries. However, little research exists in northern Ghana to highlight the scale and risk of death among road users.

Objective: The objective of this research was to establish the relative risk of death among road users in northern Ghana.

Methods: Crash data from police reports between 2007 and 2011 were analyzed for the Upper Regions of Ghana. Conditional probabilities and multivariable logistic regression techniques were used to report proportions and adjusted odds ratios (AORs), respectively.

Results: Generally, crashes in northern Ghana were extremely severe; that is, 35% of all injury related collisions were fatal. The proportion of fatal casualties ranged between 21% among victims of sideswipe collisions and 41% among pedestrians and victims of rear-end collisions. Though males were 6 times more likely to die than females overall, females were more likely to die as pedestrians (90% of all female casualty deaths) and males were more likely to die as riders/drivers (78% of all male casualty deaths). Pedestrians were 3 times more likely to die (odds ratio [OR] = 3.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.4 to 4.1) compared with drivers/riders. Compared with drivers, the odds of death among cyclists was about 4 times higher (AOR = 3.6; 95% CI, 2.3 to 5.6) and about 2 times higher among motorcyclists (AOR = 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2 to 2.2). Compared with casualties aged between 30 and 59 years, children under 10 years and those aged 60 years and above were independently 2 times more likely to die in traffic collisions.

Conclusion: Provision of requisite road infrastructure is vital for the safety of VRUs in northern Ghana. Cycle paths and lanes (for cyclists) as well as sidewalks (for pedestrians) in particular will separate VRUs from motorists and improve their safety. Enforcement of traffic laws particularly regarding helmet use, speeding, and alcohol use will be beneficial. Introduction of the demerit points system in the enforcement of traffic regulations may have significant deterrent effects on road users who have the penchant for violating traffic regulations. Road safety education is also required to create responsible road users.     

Evaluation of a responsible beverage service and enforcement program: Effects on bar patron intoxication and potential impaired driving by young adults

Objective: Studies of alcohol-related harm (violence, injury, illness) suggest that the most significant risk factors are the amount of alcohol consumed and whether obviously intoxicated patrons continue to be served. This study's objective was to investigate the effects of a responsible beverage service (RBS)/enhanced alcohol enforcement intervention on bars, bar patrons, and impaired driving.

Method: Two communities—Monroe County, New York, and Cleveland, Ohio—participated in a demonstration program and evaluation. The intervention applied RBS training, targeted enforcement, and corrective actions by law enforcement to a random sample of 10 identified problem bars in each community compared to 10 matched nonintervention problem bars. Data were collected over 3 waves on bar serving practices, bar patron intoxication, drinking and driving, and other alcohol-related harm from intervention and control bars and treatment and comparison communities.

Results: In Monroe County, New York, of the 14 outcome measures analyzed, 7 measures showed statistically significant differences from pre- to postintervention. Six of those measures indicated changes in the desired or positive direction and 2 measures were in the undesired or negative direction. Of note in the positive direction, the percentage of intervention bar patrons who were intoxicated decreased from 44 to 27% and the average blood alcohol concentration of patrons decreased from 0.097 to 0.059 g/dL pre- to postintervention. In Cleveland, Ohio, 6 of the 14 measures showed statistically significant changes pre- to postintervention with 6 in the positive direction and 4 in the negative direction. Of note, the percentage of pseudo-intoxicated patrons denied service in intervention bars increased from 6 to 29%.

Conclusions: Of the 14 outcome measures that were analyzed in each community, most indicated positive changes associated with the intervention, but others showed negative associations. About half of the measures showed no significance, the sample sizes were too small, or the data were unavailable. Therefore, at best, the results of these demonstration programs were mixed. There were, however, some positive indications from the intervention. It appears that when bar managers and owners are aware of the program and its enforcement and when servers are properly trained in RBS, fewer patrons may become intoxicated and greater efforts may be made to deny service to obviously intoxicated patrons. Given that about half of arrested impaired drivers had their last drink at a licensed establishment, widespread implementation of this strategy has the potential to help reduce impaired driving.     

国际水法对长江流域立法的启示和意义

随着长江经济带建设的推进,长江流域治理亟待法治化。由于调整对象、事项和目标方面的相似性,国际水法的理论、原则、规则和实践对于长江流域立法具有重要且有益的参考价值。长江流域立法面临着利益主体多元、生态环境和资源保护任务艰巨以及治理体制机制很不合理三个方面的巨大挑战。国际水法关于生态整体性路径、公平合理利用原则以及流域治理体制机制三个基本方面的理论、法律和指南以及实践,对于长江流域立法有效应对这些挑战具有重要启示。其意义体现在：直接促进长江流域治理的法治化,间接推进中国流域立法与国际水法之间的兼容性;直接示范国内其他流域,间接助推实现我国成为全球生态文明建设重要参与者、贡献者和引领者的战略。     

新体制下我国安全生产执法队伍改革问题探讨

为研究探讨我国安全生产执法队伍的改革方向和政策建议,分析了2018年国家机构改革对安全生产执法队伍产生的影响,以及我国安全生产执法队伍存在的法律地位不明确、职责任务不清晰、人员数量不足等问题,介绍了美英等工业化国家安全监管执法的经验和我国5个行业领域综合执法队伍改革的政策要求。研究提出:我国安全生产执法队伍改革的大方向是“大安全综合”“检查、处罚和强制执行三权分离”的行政执法队伍体制,力量配置上主要是以设区市为主体组建市级安全生产综合执法队伍、县级执法队伍作为其派出机构实行“局队合一”体制。