Constructing a Raman and surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectral reference library for fine-particle analysis

Fine particles associated with haze pollution threaten the health of over 400 million people in China. Owing to excellent non-destructive fingerprint recognition characteristics, Raman and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) are often used to analyze the composition of fine particles to determine their physical and chemical properties as well as reaction mechanisms. However, there is no comprehensive Raman spectral library of fine particles. Furthermore, various studies that used SERS for fine-particle composition analysis showed that the uniqueness of the SERS substrates and different excitation wavelengths can produce a different spectrum for the same fine-particle component. To overcome this limitation, we conducted SERS experiments with a portable Raman spectrometer using two common SERS substrates (silver (Ag) foil and gold nanoparticles (Au NPs)) and a 785 nm laser. Herein, we introduced three main particle component types (sulfate-nitrate-ammonium (SNA), organic material, and soot) with a total of 39 chemical substances. We scanned the solid Raman, liquid Raman, and SERS spectra of these substances and constructed a fine-particle reference library containing 105 spectra. Spectral results indicated that for soot and SNA, the differences in characteristic peaks mainly originated from the solid-liquid phase transition; Ag foil had little effect on this difference, while the Au NPs caused a significant red shift in the peak positions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Moreover, with various characteristic peak positions in the three types of spectra, we could quickly and correctly distinguish substances. We hope that this spectral library will aid in the future identification of fine particles.     

夏季太湖水体固有光学参数对光传输行程、积分平均余弦影响的研究

基于2006-07-29～2006-08-01于太湖采集的水体固有光学参数和部分水质参数,利用辐射传输的理论,研究了夏季散射对太湖水体中光传输行程的作用、散射和吸收对光场积分平均余弦的影响,并分析了其可能机制.结果表明,垂直入射的辐射沿入射方向的平均传输行程和积分平均余弦呈现从西北向东南递增的趋势;垂直入射的辐射沿入射方向的平均传输行程、水柱的积分平均余弦与叶绿素a、悬浮物浓度、有机悬浮物浓度及无机悬浮物浓度均呈非线性相关,其关系可用对数函数来描述.本研究对水体中光合有效辐射的环境效应、及建立生物-光学模型有着重要意义.     

Bi2WO6可见光催化降解活性艳红X-3B的研究

采用水热合成法制备Bi2WO6催化剂,并通过XRD,UV-vis DRS等手段对其进行表征;以活性艳红X-3B为目标污染物,研究催化剂量、X-3B初始浓度、反应溶液pH值以及H2O2等因素在可见光辐射下对其光催化降解效果的影响.结果表明,所制备的Bi2WO6催化剂结晶度好,具有较强的可见光吸收能力;最佳催化反应条件为: X-3B初始浓度20mg/L,Bi2WO6用量2g/L, pH5.18(原始pH值).在此条件下,光照60min,对X-3B的去除率可达到86%;加入2mL/L 30%的H2O2,光照30min,降解率可达到96%以上,降解反应符合一级反应动力学.光催化反应可以有效地破坏X-3B的发色基团偶氮结构使其脱色,但在所设定的反应时间(80 min)内X-3B不能被完全矿化,反应过程中有中间产物生成.     

北京市冬春季大气颗粒物的粒径分布及消光作用

2004年1─5月,在北京市区连续监测了大气环境中ρ(PM₁₀₎,ρ(PM_2.5),ρ(PM₁)和ρ(TSP),以及大气能见度、地面气象要素.结果表明:春节期间颗粒物中细粒子所占的比例较高,ρ(PM₁)/ρ(PM_2.5)为0.81,ρ(PM10)/ρ(TSP)为0.61;而沙尘期其值分别为0.55和0.28.不同粒径的颗粒物质量浓度均呈在明显日变化,其夜间浓度峰值高于早晨交通繁忙时段.根据经验公式,将大气能见度换算为大气消光系数,并导出颗粒物消光系数.结果表明:颗粒物消光系数与颗粒物质量浓度呈显著正相关.进一步定义了颗粒物质量浓度消光比(CE_P),用来表征颗粒物的污染特征.统计分析结果表明:当CE_P<103时,颗粒物质量浓度很低,PM_2.5所占比例较高,代表了有利于污染扩散的气象条件;当CE_P>167,颗粒物质量浓度高,但细粒子比(ρ(PM_2.5)/ρ(PM₁₀₎)稳定在0.5～0.7,湿度也稳定在20%～50%,代表了不利于污染扩散的气象条件.      

乙二胺溶胶凝胶法氮掺杂TiO2的光催化研究

以钛酸四丁酯(TBT),乙二胺(EDA)为前驱体,乙醇为溶剂,冰醋酸为抑制剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了N掺杂纳米TiO2光催化剂。通过紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)、荧光发射光谱(FES)、X射线衍射光谱(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、和BET比表面分析对其光谱特征、晶相结构、表面组成、比表面积进行了表征,以苯酚为模拟污染物考察了其光催化活性。结果表明:该方法制备的N掺杂纳米TiO2的光谱吸收带发生了明显红移,当EDA/TBT(摩尔比)=1/10及焙烧温度为550℃时,所制备样品对可见光的吸收最强,可见光照射150min苯酚的降解率为34.6%,紫外光照射100min苯酚的降解率达到97.8%。     

浅谈轻质油罐腐蚀的防护措施

分析了轻质油罐的腐蚀特点及机理,针对油罐腐蚀的现状,提出了相应的对策。     

海面散射对舰船编队电磁干扰影响的数学模型

从舰船编队的抗干扰需求出发,从海面散射对耦合途径的影响、海面散射路径和雷达波在海面上的反射特性3个方面建立起较为全面而系统的数学模型。首先结合镜像理论获取了海面散射的菲涅尔区,然后结合传统的＂四路径＂模型分析出舰船编队间电磁干扰的主要路径,最后结合海面的分形几何特性和海水的介电特性,推导出典型海况下海面的散射系数表达式。建立的数学模型不仅可以为舰船编队间电磁干扰的计算提供有力工具,还可以对遥感、海洋探测等多项技术予以理论支撑。     

福州轻轨交通环境地质问题分析

以福州轻轨交通1号线为例,通过对拟建线路所处地质环境背景的实地调查,结合铁路工程技术标准、规范和要求,选取水文工程地质条件、构造条件、地形地貌条件、气候条件、工程构建物及其施工条件等为主要评价要素,初步预测分析和评价了工程项目在建设中及建成后可能引发或工程建设本身可能遭受的各种环境地质问题,主要有基坑突水、压覆温泉、隧道围岩失稳、地面沉降、基坑边坡失稳、断裂活动破坏、温泉超采危害、浅层气包裹体危害、桥梁地基失稳及地震砂土液化等,以为福州地区城市交通建设提供依据。     

复活光照强度对再生水紫外线消毒后大肠杆菌和粪大肠杆菌光复活的影响

研究厂复活光照强度对污水三级处理出水紫外线消毒后大肠杆菌和粪大肠杆菌光复活的影响.复活光强对复活的影响依消毒时紫外线剂量及菌种的不同而不同.不同复活光强(0～43ìW/cm2)下.大肠杆菌在5 mJ/cm2的紫外线剂量消毒后,复活情况基本不受复活光强影响.紫外线剂量增高至20 mJ/cm2后复活光强存在阈值,在43 ìW/cm2复活光条件下检测到明显的光复活,低于此光强没有检测到明显的光复活.粪大肠杆菌的光复活基本不受复活光照强度的影响.复活光强对细菌光复活的不同影响在光复活控制措施提出过程中需要考虑.     

Clockwork blue: on the evolution of non-image-forming retinal photoreceptors in marine and terrestrial vertebrates

This paper presents a hypothesis that could explain why blue light appears to dominate non-image-forming (NIF) ocular photoreception in marine as well as terrestrial vertebrates. Indeed, there is more and more evidence suggesting that 'novel' retinal photoreceptors, which are sensitive to blue light and were only discovered in the 1990s, could be a feature shared by all vertebrates. In our view, blue light photoreception evolved and persisted as NIF photoreception because it has been useful in the colonisation of extensive photo-dependent oceanic habitats and facilitated the move of vertebrates from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment. Because the available scattered evidence is compatible with the validity of our hypothesis, we hope that our rationale will be followed up. Indeed, it (1) involves testable predictions, (2) provides plausible explanations for previous observations, (3) unites phenomena not previously considered related to one another and (4) suggests tests that have not been carried out before. Overall, our approach not only embraces cross-disciplinary links; it, moreover, serves as a reminder of an all-embracing evolutionary history, especially with regard to a ubiquitous photoreceptive 'clockwork-blue' in marine and terrestrial vertebrates.