Cross-boundary transport and source apportionment for PM2.5 in a typical industrial city in the Hebei Province, China: A modeling study

Cross-boundary transport of air pollution is a difficult issue in pollution control for the North China Plain. In this study, an industrial district (Shahe City) with a large glass manufacturing sector was investigated to clarify the relative contribution of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) to the city's high levels of pollution. The Nest Air Quality Prediction Model System (NAQPMS), paired with Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF), was adopted and applied with a spatial resolution of 5 km. During the study period, the mean mass concentrations of PM_2.5, SO₂, and NO₂ were observed to be 132.0, 76.1, and 55.5 μg/m³, respectively. The model reproduced the variations in pollutant concentrations in Shahe at an acceptable level. The simulation of online source-tagging revealed that pollutants emitted within a 50-km radius of downtown Shahe contributed 63.4% of the city's total PM_2.5 concentration. This contribution increased to 73.9±21.2% when unfavorable meteorological conditions (high relative humidity, weak wind, and low planetary boundary layer height) were present; such conditions are more frequently associated with severe pollution (PM_2.5 ≥ 250 μg/m³). The contribution from Shahe was 52.3±21.6%. The source apportionment results showed that industry (47%), transportation (10%), power (17%), and residential (26%) sectors were the most important sources of PM_2.5 in Shahe. The glass factories (where chimney stack heights were normally < 70 m) in Shahe contributed 32.1% of the total PM_2.5 concentration in Shahe. With an increase in PM_2.5 concentration, the emissions from glass factories accumulated vertically and narrowed horizontally. At times when pollution levels were severe, the horizontally influenced area mainly covered Shahe. Furthermore, sensitivity tests indicated that reducing emissions by 20%, 40%, and 60% could lead to a decrease in the mass concentration of PM_2.5 of of 12.0%, 23.8%, and 35.5%, respectively.     

基于能值分析的陕西省榆林市绿色GDP动态研究

绿色GDP是在扣除自然资源消耗与环境损耗之后的GDP,是衡量城市可持续发展的重要指标。资源型城市作为以资源开发利用为主的城市,对自然资源消耗以及环境资源损耗更为严重,因此对其绿色GDP进行研究具有更加深刻的意义。论文利用Odum生态经济系统能值理论和方法,以资源型城市陕西省榆林市为例,对其2005—2012年间国民经济生产过程中消耗的不可更新资源和环境损耗进行定量分析,计算消耗的不可更新资源和环境损耗的能值及其能值-货币价值,从而核算了榆林市2005—2012年间的绿色GDP变化,结论如下：1）榆林市绿色GDP占比由81.2%下降到44.1%,并且这种趋势在持续扩大;2）不可更新能源的利用几乎以每年10%的速率递增,不可更新能源占GDP的比重由2005年的13.35%上升到2012年的44.8%,是造成榆林市绿色GDP偏低的主要原因;3）榆林市不可更新能源消耗仍以煤炭为主,煤炭利用达到化石能源利用的90%以上,辅助伴有石油与天然气;4）榆林市环境损耗主要是由废气、废水和固体废弃物3部分组成,其中废气的组成占80%以上。     

我国主要城市大气重金属的污染水平及分布特征

为研究我国城市大气中重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Mn、Ni和Pb)的污染水平及空间分布特征,通过CNKI、万方、维普、Science Direct、Google Scholar和PubMed等数据库检索并收集于2000—2014年10月期间发表的关于我国城市大气中重金属质量浓度的文献. 按照拟定的筛选标准筛选出59篇文献纳入分析研究,共涉及29个省(区、直辖市)53个城市,有效样本量大于5 863个. 其中,大气重金属质量浓度均以PM₁₀(采样测定结果)计. 结果表明:我国城市大气中ρ(As)、ρ(Cd)、ρ(Cr)、ρ(Mn)、ρ(Ni)和ρ(Pb)分别为27.7、14.1、60.9、220、37.5和290 ng/m3,均超过GB 3095—2012《环境空气质量标准》、欧盟《空气质量标准》和WHO(World Health Organization,世界卫生组织)《欧洲空气质量指南》中相应重金属质量浓度的年均标准限值或参考限值. 我国城市大气重金属污染主要分布在北方的京津冀、环渤海地区以及南方的珠江三角洲地区. 其中,Cd污染多分布在南方城市,Mn污染主要集中在华北和华东地区,As、Cr、Ni、Pb 4种重金属没有明显的空间分布特征. 大气中As、Cd、Cr、Ni、Mn和Pb的主要来源是化石燃料燃烧、金属冶炼以及交通废气排放等,其中煤炭等化石燃料的燃烧是其共同的污染来源.      

资源枯竭型城市增长边界划定研究——以淮北市为例

城市增长边界是对城市空间增长管理的重要技术和政策之一,对于资源枯竭型城市的可持续发展也具有重要意义。依据资源枯竭型城市的特点,选取了自然因素和人为因素对淮北市城市生态适宜性进行评价;以城市扩张内部动力为基础,从土地利用类型转变的概率角度出发,引入8种空间变量因素建立逻辑回归的元胞自动机模型,其次,辅助近期建设规划,再综合考虑淮北市自然和行政边界线等合理划定城市增长边界。结果表明：1）在生态适宜性高、中、低三种水平下,用地规模逐步上升,分别为：127.90、203.77和590.00 km²;2）依据元胞自动机模拟得到城市扩展用地有效面积为203.45 km²,占研究区面积的22.07%;3）最终得到研究区城市增长边界面积为259.43 km²,占研究区面积的28.15%。研究既明确了区域生态资源的保护范围,又综合考虑了城市的空间拓展方向,不仅可以保护生态空间,而且有利于有序引导城市空间发展,是实现资源枯竭型城市转型和精明增长双赢的重要途径。     

Responses of decomposition rate and nutrient release of floating-leaved and submerged aquatic macrophytes to vertical locations in an urban lake (Nanhu Lake,China)

A leaf-bag field experiment was conducted to investigate the decomposition and release of nutrients from leaves of two aquatic macrophytes (floating-leaved Trapa bispinosa and submerged Vallisneria natans) deposited in the four vertical locations (i.e. air-water interface, AW; sediment-water interface, SW; buried at a depth of 10?cm, B10; buried at a depth of 20?cm, B20) of littoral zone in Nanhu Lake, China, for 60 days from July to August 2015. Leaf initial quality significantly influenced mass loss and nutrient release except TN (total nitrogen) remaining. Compared to V. natans, T. bispinosa leaves decomposed faster under the same treatments. The decomposition was greatly affected by both leaf chemical quality and the location of deposition. With the increasing depth of vertical locations, leaf biomass loss and nutrient release of both T. bispinosa and V. natans decreased. In addition, initial N:P ratio and cellulose were the major determinants for decomposition in AW and SW treatments while total phenol in B10 and B20. Our results suggest that the combined effect of leaf chemical quality and burial could mediate macrophyte mass loss and release of nutrients and carbon, which in turn can influence organic matter accumulation and nutrient cycling in shallow freshwater lakes.     

Overview of waste disposal and landfills/dumps in Asian countries

Many cities in developing Asian countries face serious problems in managing solid wastes. The annual waste generation increases in proportion to the rises in population and urbanization. Asian countries with greater rural populations produce more organic waste, such as kitchen wastes, and fewer recyclable items, such as paper, metals, and plastics. Reliable data on solid waste compositions are difficult to obtain, and even if available, they are often not updated. We report the most recent waste composition data in some developing Asian countries. We suggest that a better classification system for landfills is needed to address inconsistencies in data for sanitary landfill sites versus waste dumps. We also discuss the information on waste disposal trends and problems associated with general solid waste management in developing Asian countries.     

中国城市综合减灾的未来学研究

本文从国内外大城市频发的事故灾害现状入手,扼要地探讨了有中国特色的2020年中国城市发展的综合减灾战略研究的框架思路,希望对国家"十一五"城市安全计划的研究制定有所借鉴和启发.     

Smart city data architecture for energy prosumption in municipalities: concepts,requirements, and future directions

ABSTRACT

Big data is gaining visibility and importance, and its use is attaining higher levels of influence within municipalities. Due to this proliferation smart cities are posed to deploy architectures toward managing energy for Electric Vehicles (EV) and orchestrate the production, consumption, and distributing of energy from renewable sources such as solar, wind etc. in communities also known as prosumption. In smart city domain, Enterprise Architecture (EA) can be employed to facilitate alignment between municipality goals and the direction of the city in relation to Information Technology (IT) that supports stakeholders within the city. Hence, the alignment between IT and goals of the city is a critical process to support the continued growth and improvement of city services and energy sustainability. However, despite several research effort focused on data architecture in smart city, there have been few studies aimed at exploring how EA can be applied in smart cities to support residential buildings and EV for energy prosumption in municipalities. Therefore, this study conducts an extensive review and develops an architecture that can be employed in smart city domain based on big data management for energy prosumption in residential buildings and EV. Furthermore, secondary data was employed to present a case study to show the applications of the developed architecture in promoting energy prosumption. Findings suggest that the architecture provides interoperable open real-time, online, and historical data in facilitating energy prosumption. Respectively, this study offers exchange of data for sharing energy resources and provides insights to improve energy prosumption services.     

矿业城市环境灾害演变规律浅析

本文对矿业城市环境灾害的分类、特点及环境灾害系统进行了介绍，分析了矿业城市环境灾害的演变规律，从而为矿业城市环境灾害的预防工作奠定了基础。     

资源型城市绿色GDP核算研究——以陕西省榆林市为例

根据联合国制定的SEEA2003核算体系的方法,对我国城市社会经济核算体系进行纠正,提出了榆林市的绿色GDP(GGDP)核算模式。对2001-2006年榆林市传统GDP及GGDP核算结果进行对比分析,结果表明：①2001年以来,榆林市GDP分别在129.31×10⁸～439.48×10⁸元之间,GGDP则分别在55.02×10⁸～329.90×10⁸元之间,各年度GGDP/GDP(%)分别在42.55%～75.07%之间;②自2001年以来,榆林市的土壤资源、林木资源、水资源以及矿产资源的变化,致使GGDP/GDP产生了较大的变化,其中资源消耗账户中土壤资源的耗减成本是GGDP核算的最大贡献因子;同时,资源消耗账户占GDP比重处于24.74%～57.20%之间。③环境质量退化账户主要是由水体污染、大气污染、工业固体废弃物污染以及环保人员支出等构成,自2001年以来除工业固体废物污染持续保持较高比例外,其它污染成本基本保持均衡,其占GDP的百分比处于0.20%～0.29%之间。