2007年我国城市大气污染时空分布特征

根据2007年原国家环境保护总局空气质量日报86个城市的空气污染指数资料,分析我国城市大气污染的时空分布特征。结果表明,我国城市大气污染时空分布特征明显,大气污染冬季最严重,其次为春秋季节,夏季最好;污染总体上北方重于南方。城市大气污染由人类活动及当地特殊的地理位置综合影响形成,沙尘天气加重了北方大气污染。     

Resource-based cities (RBC): a road to sustainability

Resource-based cities (RBC) have made momentous contributions to urbanization in China. However, as natural resources are exhausted, RBC are facing an enormous challenge. In this paper we put forward a resource-based city sustainability index (RCSI) and a resource-based city coordination index (RCCI), including environmental, social, and economic dimensions, adopted three weight scenarios, and selected 13 cities for study. The results: (a) help locate the problems by analyzing both dimensions and indicators; (b) simulate the trends of how RBC emerged, grew, declined, and regenerated; (c) categorize RBC into four types by integrating RCSI and RCCI; (d) give policy makers a holistic and comprehensive perspective in the future urban regulation and management; and (e) highlight a road to sustainability.     

我国典型城市地表水水质综合评价与分析

应用内梅罗指数法对我国27个典型城市地表水水质进行评价,分析地表水水环境质量现状,揭示水质时空变化规律。结果表明：NH₃-N浓度、TP浓度、COD_Cr、BOD₅和COD_Mn为地表水主要超标因子,NH₃-N浓度为首要污染因子,水质主要受氮、磷营养盐及有机物影响。华北地区参与评估城市的水质级别均为较差;西北、东北、华东、华南、华中和西南地区参与评估城市的水质级别较好比例在50%以上。城市建成区水质优于非建成区;国控断面水质级别为较好。2012—2014年期间,典型城市地表水水质有明显的好转趋势,水质级别较差城市比例下降11%。西北和东北地区,因为人口密度小,经济发展相对不快,水质保持相对稳定,多数城市水质季节性特征不明显;华东地区地域辽阔,整体来看季度水质波动没有明显规律;华中和华北地区,受气候和降水量影响,城市水质季节性特征比较明显。     

城市的发展与火灾防治

随着经济的快速增长，火灾将会成为一个突出的灾害问题。作为经济发展中心的城市，火灾危险因素大大增加，因此，在城市的发展和改造过程中，应当同时抓好防火安全保障体系的建设，大力发展消防科技，并应加强防火安全教育，以便把火灾危害减少到最低限度     

Smart city data architecture for energy prosumption in municipalities: concepts,requirements, and future directions

ABSTRACT

Big data is gaining visibility and importance, and its use is attaining higher levels of influence within municipalities. Due to this proliferation smart cities are posed to deploy architectures toward managing energy for Electric Vehicles (EV) and orchestrate the production, consumption, and distributing of energy from renewable sources such as solar, wind etc. in communities also known as prosumption. In smart city domain, Enterprise Architecture (EA) can be employed to facilitate alignment between municipality goals and the direction of the city in relation to Information Technology (IT) that supports stakeholders within the city. Hence, the alignment between IT and goals of the city is a critical process to support the continued growth and improvement of city services and energy sustainability. However, despite several research effort focused on data architecture in smart city, there have been few studies aimed at exploring how EA can be applied in smart cities to support residential buildings and EV for energy prosumption in municipalities. Therefore, this study conducts an extensive review and develops an architecture that can be employed in smart city domain based on big data management for energy prosumption in residential buildings and EV. Furthermore, secondary data was employed to present a case study to show the applications of the developed architecture in promoting energy prosumption. Findings suggest that the architecture provides interoperable open real-time, online, and historical data in facilitating energy prosumption. Respectively, this study offers exchange of data for sharing energy resources and provides insights to improve energy prosumption services.     

辽宁中部城市群大气污染分布及典型重污染的成因

通过分析2002年辽宁中部城市群的大气污染分布状况,将1月17~19日作为典型污染日,分析其污染状况及对应的气象条件,得出该地区典型重污染的气象条件是:风速小,日均风速小于2m/s,且都是局地风的影响;逆温严重,贴地逆温持续的时间长,大约持续到中午11时左右,逆温层的厚度大,5个城市逆温层的平均厚度大约在550~600 m,逆温层的强度大,5个城市的强度大约在0.9℃/hm~2.6℃/hm之间变化;从天气形势上来看,该地区冬季典型污染日主要受长白山小高压及东北地形槽的影响,大气状态非常稳定。     

Responses of decomposition rate and nutrient release of floating-leaved and submerged aquatic macrophytes to vertical locations in an urban lake (Nanhu Lake,China)

A leaf-bag field experiment was conducted to investigate the decomposition and release of nutrients from leaves of two aquatic macrophytes (floating-leaved Trapa bispinosa and submerged Vallisneria natans) deposited in the four vertical locations (i.e. air-water interface, AW; sediment-water interface, SW; buried at a depth of 10?cm, B10; buried at a depth of 20?cm, B20) of littoral zone in Nanhu Lake, China, for 60 days from July to August 2015. Leaf initial quality significantly influenced mass loss and nutrient release except TN (total nitrogen) remaining. Compared to V. natans, T. bispinosa leaves decomposed faster under the same treatments. The decomposition was greatly affected by both leaf chemical quality and the location of deposition. With the increasing depth of vertical locations, leaf biomass loss and nutrient release of both T. bispinosa and V. natans decreased. In addition, initial N:P ratio and cellulose were the major determinants for decomposition in AW and SW treatments while total phenol in B10 and B20. Our results suggest that the combined effect of leaf chemical quality and burial could mediate macrophyte mass loss and release of nutrients and carbon, which in turn can influence organic matter accumulation and nutrient cycling in shallow freshwater lakes.     

Trends in vehicular emissions in China's mega cities from 1995 to 2005

Multiyear inventories of vehicular emissions in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou from 1995 through 2005 have been developed in this paper to study the vehicle emissions trends in China's mega cities during the past decade. The results show that the vehicular emissions of CO, HC, NO_x and PM₁₀ have begun to slow their growth rates and perhaps even to decline in recent years due to the implementation of measures to control vehicular emissions in these cities. However, vehicular CO₂ emissions have substantially increased and still continue to grow due to little fuel economy improvement. Passenger cars and large vehicles (including heavy duty trucks and buses) are the major sources of vehicular CO₂ and CO emissions while large vehicles were responsible for nearly 70% and 80% of the vehicular NO_x and PM₁₀ emissions in these mega cities. Motorcycles are also important contributors to vehicular emissions in Guangzhou and Shanghai.     

中小型城市安全社区建设探析

为了探求我国中小城市开展安全社区建设的方法,提升中小城市的安全管理水平,本文先是探究了我国安全社区创建现状,总结了目前我国安全社区建设中存在的问题,然后对中小城市的安全现状进行了分析,阐述了中小型城市推进安全社区创建的必要性,最后依照大型一线城市开展安全社区建设的经验为中小城市安全社区建设提出了相应的对策,期望对中小城市创建安全社区有一定的借鉴意义。     

村镇环境保护规划编制的初步研究

我国经济的迅速发展加速了城市化／城镇化的速度,由于缺乏合理的规划,导致环境问题日益突出。村镇是社会组织机体的基本单元,小城镇的迅速发展和政府对其环境保护的日益重视,使得一些污染性的工业有向村镇转移的趋势,而广大村镇脆弱的环境污染防治体系根本就没有能力来接纳和处理环境污染问题。