成都市一次重度灰霾期间大气PM2.5的自组织临界特性

2013年1—2月期间,四川省成都市出现大范围、长时间、高浓度的严重霾污染.本文运用频度统计分析和消除趋势波动分析方法,研究了成都市2013年1月25日—2月7日一次典型重度灰霾期间8个监测站点(草堂寺、人民公园、梁家巷、金泉两河、十里店、沙河铺、三瓦窑、灵岩寺)大气PM2.5小时平均浓度序列的时空演化规律.结果表明,各站点大气PM2.5的浓度波动并非随机,而在统计上服从典型的负幂律分布,同时均表现出很强的长期持续性特征.这些特征刻画了灰霾期间大气PM2.5浓度波动的宏观特征.将PM2.5浓度演化与沙堆崩塌进行类比,发现大气PM2.5演化具有自组织临界性复杂系统的基本特征.进一步根据自组织临界(SOC)理论,建立了大气PM2.5数值沙堆模型,模型算法考虑了此次灰霾期间成都市的气象因素和PM2.5的迁移扩散机制.通过对该模型的数值模拟,能够定量阐明此次重度灰霾期间成都市各监测站点大气PM2.5浓度时空波动宏观统计规律的产生根源.同时,深入讨论了该模型的自组织临界特征.模拟结果和实际结果的高度一致表明该模型真正阐明了导致PM2.5浓度时空波动的重要动力机制.SOC内禀机制是控制此次成都市灰霾期间大气PM2.5浓度演化的主要机制之一.本研究可为灰霾期间PM2.5的演化动力学提供新的研究方法.     

地基弹性参数对于长型大截面地下结构横向自由振动的影响

自由振动分析是地下结构地震动力响应分析的基础.本文利用笔者先前得到的长型地下结构的自由振动方程,研究了地基弹性参数对地下结构自由振动的影响.由分析可以看出,随着地基弹性参数值的增加,结构中波速值总的趋势是增加,但是温克尔地基参数对结构中波速的影响远大于第二地基参数的影响;地下结构振动频率总的趋势是随着温克尔地基参数(k...     

汶川地震中远场深覆盖土层动力反应分析

对上海余山地震台在汶川地震中测得的基岩波地震记录进行频谱特性分析,然后以同济大学教学科研综合楼场地土层为研究对象,应用水平成层土层地震反应的一维有限元方法,分析该深覆盖场地在这一实测地震记录作用下的动力反应,并将其与同济大学强震监测台在汶川地震中获得的地表波记录进行对比.结果表明:汶川地震的远场地震动记录中,基岩波的长...     

大跨结构多维多点输入抗震研究进展

对于大跨度结构来说,应该考虑地震动的多维多点效应。从国内外发展现状及取得的主要研究进展和近期的发展动向等角度,对大跨度结构多维多点输入抗震的研究现状进行了系统的综述和总结。首先论述了多维地震动及其相关性,从地震动的各个分量之间的强度比、频率、持时及相关性等方面说明地震动分量的特性;然后论述地震动时空模型,侧重于反映地震动空间变化的相关函数模型的研究现状;最后比较了大跨度结构考虑多维多点输入的抗震计算方法,包括反应谱法、时程分析法以及随机振动分析法。对今后关于这一问题所应开展的研究提出了建议。     

TSLCDM长袋低压脉冲布袋除尘器及其应用

为了使电炉烟气治理过程中污染源的排放达到国家排放标准,提出一种TSLCDM长袋低压脉冲除尘器(简称TSLCDM除尘器)。通过对该除尘器结构、除尘原理以及不同工况下除尘效率和过滤阻力的分析,得到该除尘器的除尘效率>99.9%,压力损失<1200 Pa,最终排出的烟气含尘质量浓度约5.54 mg/m3,满足了国家的超低排放要求,以泉州某公司电炉项目除尘系统为研究对象,证明了该新型脉冲布袋除尘器在电炉烟气治理除尘系统的应用效果,具有很好的经济和环境效益。     

液氮泡沫发生器内流动特性研究

低温液氮与泡沫混合液直接接触产生氮气泡沫是一种新型的掺混形式,利用液氮高汽化比的特点,搭建液氮泡沫可视化实验装置,进行氮气-水两相流及液氮泡沫流动特性的研究。结果表明,液氮相变产生大量氮气,其与泡沫液混合产生泡沫,温度有所回升,最终趋于泡沫混合液温度;管路沿程压降较小;液氮射流破碎及流动过程可分为6个区域:低温液氮区、向上循环翻滚区、滞留区、泡沫与泡沫混合液混合区、致密泡沫区、泡沫混合液区。流体向下游流动过程中持续发泡;为防止管路结冰,需合理控制泡沫混合液与液氮流量。     

Morphological characteristics of flashing jet throughout superheated liquid release

Many release problems involve two-phase releases of hazardous materials of superheated liquids with high energy into the atmosphere. Such accidents are accompanied by violent phase transition and form catastrophic flashing jets. In this work, experimental and theoretical analyses were conducted to investigate dynamic characteristics of flashing jet morphology and their dependence on pressure-decay dynamics under different storage pressures, superheats, and nozzle diameters. Flashing jet morphology and angle throughout two-phase releases were captured by a high-speed camera, and the corresponding source pressure in the superheated liquid tank was measured simultaneously. Results show that three typical phases, expansion, stabilization, and decay, are characterized throughout two-phase release based on the evolution of flashing jet morphology. The jet initially expands gradually due to the enhancement of phase transition intensity, and then keeps stable when the intensity reaches its maximum, and terminally decays rapidly due to the depletion of superheated liquid. Phase transition intensity at the nozzle exit is mainly controlled by the pressure-decay dynamics. Bubbles nucleation inception sites gradually move upstream of the nozzle during the pressure decay process increasing the phase transition intensity. The increase of storage pressure, superheat and nozzle diameter promotes the mechanical and thermodynamic effects on the jet breakup. The significant increase of mechanical and thermodynamic effects effectively accelerates droplets evaporation and further affects flashing jet morphology.     

经济发达地区土地利用结构变化预测 --以江苏省江阴市为例

结构决定功能，把握土地利用结构变化的趋势，调整社会经济发展的策略。优化土地利用结构是土地可持续利用的关键。以经济发达地区江苏省江阴市为例，运用马尔柯夫链的理论与方法，构建土地利用结构转移的概率矩阵，预测江阴市2005年和2010年的土地利用结构，并分析其变化特征，以此来研究经济发达地区近期内可能的土地利用结构变化规律。模拟结果表明，经济发达地区土地利用结构变化存在着非农化趋势加快．农地数量减少加速的现象，如果为保证耕地的数量平衡，则可能导致农地内部结构极其不合理。根据研究结果，提出适当释放农地，促进经济发展；运用经济杆杠，提高非农用地利用效率；重视耕地质量，改善生态环境的政策建议。     

Governing sustainability: a dialogue between Local Agenda 21 and transition management

Since the 1990s, the local level of governance has become increasingly important in addressing the challenge of sustainable development. In this article, we compare two approaches that seek to address sustainability locally, namely Local Agenda 21 and transition management. Discussing both approaches along six dimensions (history, aim, kind of change, governance understanding, process methodologies, and actors), we formulate general insights into the governance of sustainability in cities, towns, and neighbourhoods. This dialogue illustrates two related modes of thinking about sustainability governance. We touch upon the importance of an integrated perspective on sustainability transitions through which sustainability is made meaningful locally in collaborative processes. We suggest that the explicit orientation towards radical change is a precondition for governing sustainability in a way that addresses the root causes of societal challenges. Governing sustainability should address the tensions between aiming for radical change and working with status quo-oriented actors and governing settings. We conclude that governing sustainability should be about finding creative ways for opening spaces for participation, change, and experimentation, that is, for creating alternative ideas, practices, and social relations. These spaces for innovation encourage a reflexive stance on ways of working and one's own roles and attitudes, thereby preparing a fertile terrain for actors to engage in change from different perspectives.