中国水足迹强度空间关联格局及影响因素分析

水资源短缺已成为制约经济社会发展的重要因素,科学审视水资源利用现状、探索水资源可持续发展的有效动力具有重要的理论和现实意义。基于水足迹视角分别测算2006-2015年中国31个省域的水足迹强度,利用探索性空间数据分析（ESDA）对其时空格局演变特征进行解析,考虑到该方法空间描述的粗略性,通过引入时空跃迁测度法进行细化,并借助空间杜宾模型探讨其影响因素。结果表明：中国水足迹强度空间集聚效应显著且具有跃迁性,但主要以类型Ⅵ为主,其空间结构具有一定的路径依赖特征;人口数量仍然是当前中国水足迹强度的一个主要驱动因子,而城镇化率和对外开放程度则对降低水足迹强度起积极作用;中国水足迹强度存在“倒N型”的Kuznets曲线,且大部分省份水足迹强度处于第一个拐点与第二个拐点之间,北京、天津、上海等区域已越过第二个拐点,处于水足迹强度下降阶段,而部分西部欠发达地区仍未跨越第一个拐点。     

Analysis on the long term discharge of a catchment

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The oil and gas sector: from climate laggard to climate leader?

ABSTRACT

The oil and gas industry has traditionally been reticent to engage with the issues surrounding climate change, typically being cast as a laggard. Yet, over recent years, the sector has begun taking on a more active role in climate governance, doing so in a variety of capacities – as initiators, catalysts and participants in industry-led or multi-stakeholder efforts. The Oil and Gas Climate Initiative is reviewed, as a case study to illustrate emerging climate leadership within the global oil and gas industry. In 2015, its members committed to a two-degree pathway. The paucity of research on the nascent role of oil and gas firms in climate governance is addressed.     

The economics of green transition strategies for cities: Can low carbon,energy efficient development approaches be adapted to demand side urban water efficiency?

Cities are major contributors to global emissions, producers of waste and consumers of resources such as energy, water and food: implementing green development strategies is hence a core challenge of modern city-planning. The attention of research has been focusing on the development of energy efficient, low carbon strategies, yet city decision-makers need truly integrated approaches, as the one proposed by the water-energy-food Nexus. The purpose of our paper is to investigate whether it is possible to take one step in this direction by extending existing approaches to energy efficiency strategies to progressively include other priority resources, in particular water. To test this hypothesis we have taken a robust and well accepted methodology, the ELCC (Economics of Low Carbon development strategies for Cities) developed by SEI and CCCEP, and we have extended it to the case of demand side water efficiency strategies for cities. We have then applied the adapted ELCC framework to the case study of the domestic sector of the city of Bologna (Italy), identifying and prioritizing several efficiency measures. Measures were evaluated through their capital investment, annual values of savings, payback period and reduction in consumption, and then aggregated in different scenarios in order to highlight potential urban investments and to showcase a possible approach to the prioritization of demand side water efficiency measures. The results show that, with an upfront investment of € 17 million, a feasible subset of Bologna’s households could be equipped with five selected cost-effective measures, generating annual savings of € 10.2 million and reducing the total domestic water consumption of 34% by 2020 compared to the 2012 initial value. With additional € 28.5 million, households could be equipped with more costly appliances reaching an overall water reduction of 37% by 2020. Our findings confirm that it is possible to successfully extend current approaches to urban energy efficiency strategies to include demand side water efficiency, adding an important building block to the construction of an integrated Nexus-based approach to green development strategies at the city-level. We encourage further tests to confirm the robustness of the methodology.     

2050年中国能源消费结构的系统动力学模拟——基于重点行业的转型情景

面向2050年世界能源发展形势与中国发展实际,推进能源转型与保障油气供给是关乎国家发展和能源安全的重大前瞻性问题。考虑能源转型这一关键前提,基于重点行业部门的政策情景模拟了中国能源消费的总量与结构变化情况,并分析了中国油气消费需求及其对外依存情况。结果显示：（1）若实行积极的部门能源转型政策,中国的一次能源消费总量将在较大幅度上低于参照情景,并有望在2040年达到峰值,其峰值在5755~7000 mtce之间。具体来看,煤炭消费可在2030年前达峰,石油消费在两种转型情景下均将在2040年达到峰值,而天然气仅在加速转型情景下可于2035年实现消费达峰。（2）从推进能源结构转型角度看,在转型情景下中国2050年煤炭消费量占能源消费总量的比例为21%,在加速转型情景下到2050年煤炭占能源消费总量的比例将不足10%;无论是在转型情景下还是加速转型情景下,到2050年油气消费占中国能源消费总量的30%;若推行更加积极的转型政策,在加速转型情景下中国到 2050年非化石能源消费占比将超越化石能源。（3）高需求低产出将导致中国油气对外依存度在中长期内处于较高水平,因而,在2050年前保障国家能源安全仍不可忽视油气供给稳定性。研究可为中国能源安全战略与能源政策制定提供科学依据。     

A hierarchical,multi-scale,management-responsive model of Mediterranean vegetation dynamics

Ecosystems of the Mediterranean basin are characterized by a heterogeneous and dynamic landscape mosaic of vegetation formations. This landscape has been shaped over millenia by disturbances associated with agropastoral land use: clearing, grazing and burning, and by regeneration processes of the natural woody vegetation. The ability to predict the effects of management decisions on the structure and composition of the vegetation is essential for present and future land management. To improve this ability we developed a hierarchical multi-scale, management-responsive model of vegetation dynamics.     

MM5-SMOKE-CMAQ as a modeling tool for 8-h ozone regulatory enforcement: application to the state of Arizona

The Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Meteorological Model 5 (MM5), Sparse Matrix Operator Kernal Emissions (SMOKE), and Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling systems were employed to simulate ozone concentration distribution within the State of Arizona, in particular, Phoenix air basin, as supporting information to designate nonattainment areas of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's new 8-h ozone standard. In general, based on statistical comparisons between predictions and available (sparsely distributed) observations, the modeling system performed reasonably well for the Phoenix basin, thus proving it to be a useful tool for both regulatory as well as research applications. Detailed inspection, however, revealed a serious problem with respect to the details of the ozone distribution in that for some days the transition from downslope flow to upslope flow in the Phoenix basin was delayed in the model, causing the ozone distribution to show an unrealistic high-ozone bias toward the west valley. Implementation of a modified subgrid parameterization improved the time of transition, and hence the prediction of ozone and its precursor distributions. This study points to possible inadequacies of commonly used subgrid parameterizations in dealing with rapidly changing flow conditions such as morning (and evening) transitions.     

GPRS在污水处理中的应用

介绍了将GPRS应用于污水处理行业中的好处,采用GPRS无线猫以无线的方式传输数据的优势：资费便宜,计费合理,设备投资低,新增和改变网点非常方便,线路稳定,接入速度快,而且永远不会掉线.最好地支持了频繁的或少量突发型的数据业务.     

Experimental study of flame acceleration and the deflagration-to-detonation transition under conditions of transverse venting

Results of experiments on critical conditions for flame acceleration and the deflagration-to-detonation transition in tubes with transverse venting are presented. Tests were made with hydrogen mixtures in two tubes (inner diameter of 46 and 92 mm) with obstacles. Ratios of vent area to total tube area were 0.2 and 0.4. Venting was shown to influence flame acceleration significantly. The greater the vent ratio, the more reactive the mixture necessary for development of fast flames. Critical conditions for flame acceleration in tubes with venting, expressed through a critical mixture expansion ratio σ_cr, were found to be σ_cr/σ₀1+2, where σ₀ is the critical value for a closed tube. Critical conditions for detonation onset in a vented tube were found to be very close to those in a closed tube with similar configuration of obstacles.     

萍钢301#高炉煤气干法净化长袋脉冲除尘器的设计与制造

资省、占地小、自动化程度高、管理方便、无二次污染、节能等众多优点,介绍了萍乡钢铁有限责任公司第二炼铁厂３０１＃高炉（３８０ｍ３）移地大修改造项目高炉煤气干法净化长袋脉冲除尘器的设计与制造。