论SSP范式在环境保护结构绩效分析中的应用--以体制转型时期为例的研究

文章是将美国经济学家A.爱伦·斯密德的SSP分析范式运用于环境保护结构绩效研究的一次新的尝试.首先指出了斯密德的SSP范式与以往环境保护绩效研究工具的不同之处,适时给出了将SSP范式运用于环境保护结构绩效分析的几个理由.最后,本文将SSP范式运用于我国体制转型时期环境保护结构绩效的分析.     

中国乡村发展面临的挑战与长期性管理策略

分析研究了当前我国乡村发展所面临的严峻的挑战性问题，如乡村非农化进程停滞，城乡差异扩大带来的问题等；尤其是乡村生态破坏和环境污染危及到农业生产环境的安全和城乡居民的生存基础的情况，指出21世纪中国乡村发展相当迫切而艰巨；在可持续发展思想的框架下，提出了长期性管理策略，即类型管理、目标管理、乡村制度性投入的管理模式，并考虑了实现乡村可持续发展的制度创新与保障问题；随后针对乡村发展管理，构想了实施对策：即，1）积极推进城市化，缩减乡村人口总量；2）开展农业行业标准的制定和修订工作；3）推进乡村产业的科技创新步伐；4）强化生态环境观念，实行空间开发管制、尤其是生态脆弱地区。此外还需强调环境教育机制和广泛的公众参与机制。     

无起爆药雷管内管装药密度对燃烧转爆轰的影响研究

起爆药雷管生产中产生大量有毒废水,且其运输、贮存存在安全隐患。为克服这些困难,笔者自行制备无起爆药雷管。采用圆筒式金属内管中装填超细PETN(季戊四醇四硝酸酯),作为起爆元件,代替起爆药部分,研究装药密度对内管燃烧转爆轰(DDT)的影响。研究结果表明,在内管壁厚1～2 mm,内径Φ4.0 mm,长25 mm,装压密度为0.8～1.14 g/cm3的范围内,内管能可靠实现燃烧转爆轰。     

Local governance of energy transition: sustainability,transactions and social ties. A case study in Northeast France

This paper tackles the process of energy transition from a transactional perspective. It addresses the governance of energy transition by studying its local actualizations, moving beyond purely technical and normative readings. The paper shows that through the local socio-technological energy systems, sustainability governance filters down to the level of individual, everyday behavior, thus questioning the link between public and private spaces, especially regarding the issue of housing. Going beyond the results commonly yielded by transition studies, which favor large-scale analysis, it details how the discourse of citizen involvement, which often boils down to a mere call to control one’s individual energy consumption, conceals environmental inequalities, confirming the socioeconomic divide materialized in deprived areas such as public housing estates or remote rural areas. From a methodological standpoint, the analysis is based on four case studies in Northeast France, in more or less privileged areas, and in both urban and rural environments: the renovation of a heating network in the public housing estate of Cité de l’Ill, north of Strasbourg; the solar energy systems designed for property owners in Plobsheim, a residential suburb of Strasbourg; the energy-efficient equipment set up in a public housing estate in the city of Saint-Dié, in the Vosges; and citizen participation in a cooperative program to finance wind turbines in the small Alsacian city of Saâles, in a mountain rural area. The paper draws on the results of these sociological investigations, carried out using field observations, questionnaires and interviews.     

Voluntary participation for sustainability transition: experiences from the ‘Commitment to Sustainable Development 2050’

Voluntary and active participation by a wide variety of actors is a prerequisite for successful societal transitions towards sustainability. The ‘Commitment to Sustainable Development 2050’ is a national-level initiative in Finland, aiming to mobilise a large-scale transition involving various societal actors through openly communicated commitments to concrete actions. Each commitment should focus on at least one of the eight nationally defined sustainability objectives connected to the global Sustainable Development Goals. This article assesses the implementation and the development needs of the commitment process based on a range of materials. The results highlight the importance of securing adequate resources for long-term coordination and continuous development of the commitment process, trust creation through long-term and open communication, and flexibility allowing for experimentation aimed at finding new modes of interaction between the public and private sectors.     

高突矿井大采高工作面瓦斯抽采技术及实践

为解决大采高厚煤层工作面回采期间瓦斯超限难题,应用顶板走向长钻孔中位钻孔和下临近层底板定向长钻孔等瓦斯抽采措施,对回采面瓦斯进行了多源头治理。通过对顶板走向长钻孔的抽采效果考察,确定其垂直层位为40±5 m范围、水平层位为50±10 m范围为最佳瓦斯抽采区域;中位钻孔合理的垂直层位为20 m左右,水平层位为45~50 m范围抽采效果最佳;下临近层底板定向长钻孔是拦截下部5#煤和7#煤向上部采掘空间涌出瓦斯的有效手段,其最佳的水平层位为距巷道轮廓线20 m范围,垂直层位为钻孔布置在下临近层煤层中。通过对3种不同瓦斯治理措施的综合评价考察,确定顶板走向长钻孔是治理回采面最为有效的措施,其抽采量占工作面回采期间总抽采量的79.6%,中位钻孔抽采和下临近层底板定向长钻孔抽采是回采面回采期间的辅助性措施。措施使用后,工作面上隅角瓦斯浓度保持在0.4%~0.6%之间,有效保证了工作面的安全高效回采。     

特长隧道风仓接力通风关键参数及其效果研究

通过长斜井进入正洞施工的特长隧道,往往面临独头通风距离过长、工作面风量不足等问题,造成污染物难以在规定时间排出洞外。以衢宁铁路鹫峰山隧道风仓接力施工通风为依托,采用数值模拟方法研究了风仓长度、隔板长度及风机布置方式对轴流风机通风效率的影响,分析了原压入式通风和风仓接力通风洞内CO运移特性。结果表明,风仓长度从10 m增至25 m时,轴流风机通风效率大幅提高,风仓长度大于25 m时,对轴流风机通风效率的影响不大。设置中隔板会影响空气在风仓内的分流并产生较多旋流,从而降低风机通风效率;轴流风机远离斜井端对称布置,风仓内部风流的引流速度和引流范围最大,风流运动路径最优,通风效率最高。由于压入式通风受限于斜井断面尺寸及现场布置方式,当通风距离超过3 000 m后,无法满足洞内作业环境规定的条件。在正洞与斜井交叉部位设置密封的风仓,形成接力通风,能大幅度延长通风距离,提高通风效率,改善洞内空气质量。     

陆上原油长输管道泄漏爆炸事故情景构建研究

以某陆上原油长输管道为例,设定了陆上原油长输管道泄漏爆炸事故情景背景信息及演化过程,从预防、准备、预警、响应、恢复等阶段,梳理分析了事故情景应对全过程的任务及职责主体;针对各项任务从计划预案、人员队伍、装备物资、培训演练、运行机制等方面开展了情景应对能力评估;并针对存在的差距和不足,从企业和政府2个层面提出了针对此类情景的应急能力提升对策建议。该研究可为相关政府及企业加强油气长输管道事故应急准备能力建设提供参考。     

Time course of pyrrolizidine alkaloid sequestration in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Longitarsus</Emphasis> flea beetles (Coleoptera,Chrysomelidae)

Summary. Several species of Longitarsus take up, metabolize and store pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) from their host plants. In feeding experiments using radioactively labeled PAs of different types we examined the time course of the sequestration process in L. jacobaeae and L. aeruginosus. We found that adapted species efficiently store PAs for at least two weeks without major losses. During that time, there is virtually no change in the ratio of tertiary alkaloids to stored non-toxic N-oxides, regardless of chemical form fed to the beetles. This implies a transient N-oxidation process where the alkaloids are only temporarily accessible to the enzyme. A dissection experiment with L. aeruginosus six days after uptake of labeled PAs showed that the tertiary alkaloids are not found in the hemolymph but are stored in the elytra and other body compartments. This conforms with earlier experiments that localized the enzymes site of action in the hemolymph. Furthermore we show that different total alkaloid doses in the diet of L. jacobaeae and the potentially less adapted L. succineus do not affect the ratio of recovered N-oxides to tertiary molecules. Thus, the efficiency of the N-oxidizing enzyme is not dependent on the concentration of alkaloids offered.     

河流水质的动态马尔柯夫评价

根据马尔柯夫过程的原理,在水质级别评价结果的基础之上,构造水质变化的概率转移矩阵,并对转移概率赋权计算绝对进步度,然后在此基础上引出相对进步度的概念,用相对进步度来评价河流水质在一段时期内的变化程度.运用该方法计算了中国四大河流2005年的水质相对进步度,并对计算结果进行了分析.