收费全文 | 220篇 |
免费 | 12篇 |
国内免费 | 40篇 |
安全科学 | 41篇 |
废物处理 | 5篇 |
环保管理 | 19篇 |
综合类 | 111篇 |
基础理论 | 19篇 |
污染及防治 | 4篇 |
评价与监测 | 7篇 |
社会与环境 | 39篇 |
灾害及防治 | 27篇 |
2024年 | 3篇 |
2023年 | 4篇 |
2022年 | 5篇 |
2021年 | 3篇 |
2020年 | 6篇 |
2019年 | 6篇 |
2018年 | 7篇 |
2017年 | 6篇 |
2016年 | 10篇 |
2015年 | 11篇 |
2014年 | 7篇 |
2013年 | 12篇 |
2012年 | 13篇 |
2011年 | 14篇 |
2010年 | 11篇 |
2009年 | 9篇 |
2008年 | 8篇 |
2007年 | 34篇 |
2006年 | 11篇 |
2005年 | 24篇 |
2004年 | 10篇 |
2003年 | 9篇 |
2002年 | 7篇 |
2001年 | 10篇 |
2000年 | 9篇 |
1999年 | 4篇 |
1998年 | 1篇 |
1997年 | 5篇 |
1996年 | 2篇 |
1995年 | 1篇 |
1994年 | 2篇 |
1993年 | 1篇 |
1992年 | 2篇 |
1990年 | 2篇 |
1989年 | 1篇 |
1987年 | 1篇 |
1972年 | 1篇 |
Methods: The front-end styling of sedans and sport utility vehicles (SUV) released from 2008 to 2011 was characterized by the geometrical parameters related to pedestrian safety and compared to representative car models before 2003. The influence of geometrical design change on the resultant risk of injury to pedestrian lower extremity—that is, knee ligament rupture and long bone fracture—was estimated by a previously developed assessment tool assuming identical structural stiffness. Based on response surface generated from simulation results of a human body model (HBM), the tool provided kinematic and kinetic responses of pedestrian lower extremity resulted from a given car's front-end design.
Results: Newer passenger cars exhibited a “flatter” front-end design. The median value of the sedan models provided 87.5 mm less bottom depth, and the SUV models exhibited 94.7 mm less bottom depth. In the lateral impact configuration similar to that in the regulatory test methods, these geometrical changes tend to reduce the injury risk of human knee ligament rupture by 36.6 and 39.6% based on computational approximation. The geometrical changes did not significantly influence the long bone fracture risk.
Conclusions: The present study reviewed the geometrical changes in car front-ends along with regulatory concerns regarding pedestrian safety. A preliminary quantitative benefit of the lower extremity injury reduction was estimated based on these geometrical features. Further investigation is recommended on the structural changes and inclusion of more accident scenarios. 相似文献
Methods: A Hybrid III ATD lower leg was impacted in a range of postures under conditions representing a crash test, and peak axial force and adjusted tibia index injury measures were evaluated. Ankle posture was varied in 5° increments using a custom-made footplate, and dorsi/plantarflexion (20° DF to 20° PF) and in/eversion (20° IV to 5° EV) were evaluated. Tibia angle was also varied (representing knee flexion/extension) by ±10° from neutral.
Results: Peak axial force was not affected by ankle flexion or tibia angulation. Adjusted tibia index was lowest for plantarflexion, as well as for tibia angles representative of knee extension. Both peak axial force and adjusted tibia index were lowest for postures of great inversion and were highest in neutral or near-neutral postures.
Conclusions: The range of postures tested herein spanned published injury criteria and thus would have made the difference between pass and fail in a safety evaluation. In/eversion had the largest influence on injury metrics, likely due to the change in axial stiffness and altered impact durations in these postures. Results suggest increased injury risk at neutral or near-neutral postures, whereas previous cadaveric studies have suggested that in/eversion does not influence injury risk. It is unclear whether the ATD appropriately represents the natural lower leg for impacts in out-of-position testing. Great care must be taken when initially positioning ATDs for safety evaluations, because small perturbations in posture were shown herein to have large effects on the measured injury risk using this tool. 相似文献