河南黄河改道区浅层地下水化学特征与主控污染源解析

黄河下游的河南北部平原是黄河频繁发生改道的地区.该地区浅层地下水水质较差且超标组分类型多,但是多种因素影响下各环境因子对水质的贡献作用仍需进一步得到量化.为了明确研究区浅层地下水的水质成因,采集330组浅层地下水样品进行区域性水质调查,通过主成分-绝对主成分得分-多元线性回归（PCA-APCS-MLR）模型揭示豫北黄河改道区的浅层地下水水质演化来源.结果表明,研究区浅层地下水超标率从高到低依次为：锰>铁>总硬度>溶解性总固体>钠>氟>砷>氯离子>硫酸根>铵根,特别是锰的超标率达到76％.水-岩溶滤富集作用、土壤来源、氧化还原条件和农业活动这4种因素是导致地下水水质较差的主要原因,四者方差累积解释率达到71.24％,同时地表水的补给也会影响地下水质.新乡等北部的黄河故道区地下水中,铁、砷、铵根、总硬度和TDS等组分主要受到水-岩溶滤作用和氧化还原条件影响造成浓度增加;黄河沿岸的水-岩溶滤作用、土壤来源与黄河侧向补给造成水中氟的富集;高锰地下水受到土壤组分影响广泛存在于研究区,而个别地区农业活动和地表水补给造成硝酸盐的点状污染.     

Influence of lactic acid on the two-phase anaerobic digestion of kitchen wastes

To evaluate the influence of lactic acid on the methanogenesis, anaerobic digestion of kitchen wastes was firstly conducted in a two-phase anaerobic digestion process, and performance of two digesters fed with lactic acid and glucose was subsequently compared. The results showed that the lactic acid was the main fermentation products of hydrolysis-acidification stage in the two-phase anaerobic digestion process for kitchen wastes. The lactic acid concentration constituted approximately 50% of the chemical oxygen demand （COD） concentration in the hydrolysis-acidification liquid. The maximum organic loading rate was lower in the digester fed with lactic acid than that fed with glucose. Volatile fatty acids （VFAs） and COD removal were deteriorated in the methanogenic reactor fed with lactic acid compared to that fed with glucose. The specific methanogenic activity （SMA） declined to 0.343 g COD/（gVSS-d） when the COD loading were designated as 18.8 g/（L-d） in the digester fed with lactic acid. The propionic acid accumulation occurred due to the high concentration of lactic acid fed. It could be concluded that avoiding the presence of the lactic acid is necessary in the hydrolysis-acidification process for the improvement of the two-phase anaerobic digestion process of kitchen wastes.     

汉江下游河水-地下水交互带中地下水水化学和氮分布特征

河水-地下水交互带被称为生物过滤器,对氮等污染物有截留净化功能.为研究汉江下游河水-地下水交互带氮的分布特征,本文设立了3个剖面和9口钻井,采集沉积物和地下水样品并进行测试.结果 表明,在样品采集期间交互带剖面1河水补给地下水,剖面2地下水补给河水,剖面3河水和地下水水位持平.交互带地下水pH整体上呈中性,主要水化学类...     

安钢2 200 m3高炉下阀箱卡料事故分析与处理

分析了安钢2200m^3高炉由于炉顶下阀箱内插入漏斗脱位引起卡料事故的原因及处理这起事故的难点,重点介绍了这起突发性事故的处理方法,总结了避免此类事故发生的方法。     

电动振动台动圈的金属绕线壁筒及其加强环的涡流影响的限制与消除

本文阐述了在电动振动台动圈的金属绕线壁筒及其上下加强环中产生的涡流电流对振动台性能的各种影响,并对其有害影响提出了限制与消除的多种实用方法,且论述了上述各种方法的作用机理.特别是文中提出的"全开槽"的创新解决方案,曾为我国振动试验机制造行业攻克动圈涡流影响的这个共同性的重大技术难关闯出了一条成功之路.虽然此"全开槽"方案的提出已有30多年了,在这期间,世界振动试验机行业已取得了长足的进步,但文中的论点及其实验数据,仍然对当今的电动振动台的研制与生产有着现实的指导意义.与文中所述的第⑤种动圈结构相同的具有上加强环"全开槽"的金属台面部与非金属绕线壁筒组成的两体式动圈骨架结构形式已成为当今国际主流的动圈骨架结构形式,由此可见:"全开槽"的方案无疑是消除涡流有害影响的最有效的途径.     

长江中下游干流港群空间结构的演化特征(1985～1997年)

以长江中下游干流沿岸为研究区域,探讨了１９８５年～１９９７年本区域港群的空间结构演化特征。统计分析表明,集中是和东或下注重港群空间结构演化的整体趋势,但同时伴随着较大的波动。整个港各和中下游各省地方港群赫佛因德指数的高低及其变化趋势说明中下游港群的集中状态处在低水平,而且这种低产集中和地方港群比较明显的分散趋势同时并存。此外,各地各不同水平的赫佛因德指数也表明了它们在集中程度上的明显差异。通过进一     

汉江中下游江段藻类现状调查及“水华”成因分析

汉江是长江的最大支流,全长１５３２ｋｍ,年径流总量为５９１亿ｍ＾３,流域面积１５．１万ｋｍ＾２。汉江既是湖北省主要航道之一,又是沿岸居民生活用水和工业用水的重要水源。早在７０年代,汉江的水质一直符合地面水Ⅱ级标准,但自９０年代以来,汉江的水质逐年下降,并分别于１９９２年和１９９８年的初春先后两次发生硅藻大量繁殖。     

Pushing and pulling: an assessment tool for occupational health and safety practitioners

A tool has been developed for supporting practitioners when assessing manual pushing and pulling operations based on an initiative by two global companies in the manufacturing industry. The aim of the tool is to support occupational health and safety practitioners in risk assessment and risk management of pushing and pulling operations in the manufacturing and logistics industries. The tool is based on a nine-multiplier equation that includes a wide range of factors affecting an operator’s health risk and capacity in pushing and pulling. These multipliers are based on psychophysical, physiological and biomechanical studies in combination with judgments from an expert group consisting of senior researchers and ergonomists. In order to consider usability, more than 50 occupational health and safety practitioners (e.g., ergonomists, managers, safety representatives and production personnel) participated in the development of the tool. An evaluation by 22 ergonomists supports that the push/pull tool is user friendly in general.     

Comparisons of ergonomic evaluation tools (ALLA,RULA, REBA and OWAS) for farm work

Introduction. The purpose of this study was to validate the agricultural lower limb assessment (ALLA) ergonomic checklist, which was developed for various agricultural tasks in Korea. Methods. One hundred and ninety-six working postures were selected from the real agricultural tasks to verify ALLA, a lower limb body posture assessment tool, and then evaluated by 16 ergonomic experts. Hit rate, quadratic weighted κ, one-way analysis of variance and t-test analyses were applied to compare ALLA with other assessment tools. Results. ALLA analysis had a superior hit rate with ergonomic expert assessment compared with other assessment tools. Quadratic weighted κ analysis also showed that ALLA provided superior estimates of risk levels for farm working postures. Discussion. ALLA would be an appropriate assessment tool to estimate risk factors for various lower limb body postures which frequently occur in agricultural tasks in Korea. ALLA is a simple and accurate risk assessment tool that could be usefully applied to identify and mitigate risk factors and work-related musculoskeletal disorders in agricultural tasks, and also to evaluate the effects of control and intervention for working conditions.     

长江中下游4个湖泊非色素颗粒物吸收系数光谱模型

利用指数模型和幂函数模型对2007年和2010年长江中下游4个湖泊58个样本 a_d(λ)(非色素颗粒物吸收系数) 光谱进行拟合,以 R2(决定系数)、RE(相对误差)和RMSE(均方根误差)等统计参数判定模型效果. 指数模型和幂函数模型 R2平均值、RE、RMSE分别为0.998、7.01%、0.015 m-1和0.994、15.90%、0.027 m-1. 统计检验显示,指数模型的 R2显著大于幂函数模型(ANOVA,P<0.001),而RE和RMSE则显著小于幂函数模型(ANOVA,P<0.001). 指数模型能更准确地拟合 a_d(λ),得到的 S_d(光谱斜率)平均值为(12.21±1.08)μm-1,400~700 nm波段内变异系数为8.85%,空间上4个湖泊之间变化不是很明显,仅傀儡湖的 S_d略低于其他3个湖泊. a_d(λ)与ρ(ISM)(无机悬浮颗粒物浓度)呈极显著正相关,通过ρ(ISM)可以得到长江中下游典型浅水湖泊 a_d(λ)光谱模型.