Source profiles of particulate organic matters emitted from cereal straw burnings

Cereal straw is one of the most abundant biomass burned in China but its contribution to fine particulates is not adequately understood. In this study, three main kinds of cereal straws were collected from five grain producing areas in China. Fine particulate matters （PMzs） from the cereal straws subjected to control burnings, both under smoldering and flaming status, were sampled by using a custom made dilution chamber and sampling system in the laboratory. Element carbon （EC） and organic carbon （OC） was analyzed. 141 compounds of organic matters were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrum （GC-MS）. Source profiles of particulate organic matters emitted from cereal straw burnings were obtained. The results indicated that organic matters contribute a large fraction in fine particulate matters. Levoglucosan had the highest contributions with averagely 4.5% in mass of fine particulates and can be considered as the tracer of biomass burnings. Methyloxylated phenols from lignin degradation also had high concentrations in PM2.5, and contained approximately equal amounts of guaiacyl and syringyl compounds. 13-Sitostrol also made up relatively a large fraction of PMz5 compared with the other sterols （0.18%-0.63% of the total fine particle mass）. Normal alkanes, PAHs, fatty acids, as well as normal alkanols had relatively lower concentrations compared with the compounds mentioned above. Carbon preference index （CPI） of normal alkanes and alkanoic acids showed characteristics of biogenic fuel burnings. Burning status significantly influenced the formations of EC and PAHs. The differences between the emission profiles of straw and wood combustions were displayed by the fingerprint compounds, which may be used to identify the contributions between wood and straw burnings in source apportionment researches.     

Changes in groundwater levels and the response of natural vegetation to transfer of water to the lower reaches of the Tarim River

Restoration and reconstruction of the degraded Tarim River ecosystem is an important challenge.A goal of an ecological water conveyance project is to protect and restore the natural vegetation in the lower reaches of Tarim River by transferring water from Bosten Lake,through the river channel,to the lower reaches.This study describes the changes in groundwater depth during the water transfer and the respondence of riparian vegetation to alterations in groundwater levels.The results indicate that groundwater depth along the Tarim River channel has a significant spatial-temporal component.Groundwater levels closest to the river channel show the most immediate and pronounced changes as a response to water transfer while those further away respond more slowly,although the observed change appears to be longer in duration.With a rise in the groundwater level,natural vegetation responded with higher growth rates,biomass and biodiversity.These favorable changes show that it is feasible to protect and restore the degraded natural vegetation by raising the groundwater depth.Plant communities are likely to reflect the hysteresis phenomenon,requiring higher water levels to initiate and stimulate desired growth than what may be needed to maintain the plant community.Because different species have different ecologies,including different root depths and densities and water needs,their response to increasing water availability will be spatially and temporally heterogenous.The response of vegetation is also influenced by microtopography and watering style.This paper discusses strategies for the protection and restoration of the degraded vegetation in the lower reaches of the Tarim River and provides information to complement ongoing theoretical research into ecological restoration in arid or semi-arid ecosystems.     

On the Flood Disasters in the Lower Jingjiang Reaches: Grey Prediction Model and Application

1 INTRODUCTION Located in the transition area of the natural zones between north and south as well as the typical subtropical zone featured with warm-wet in the summer and cool-moisture in the winter (Shen, 1986; Chen et al., 2001), the MiddleYangtze reach is of great importance in the development and flood control of this region (Chen et al., 2001; Yin and Li, 2001). Due principally to the special geological setting and geographic location, the lower Jingjiang reach, typical of vast fl…     

汉江中下游流域降水时空规律分析及干旱预测

近年来汉江中下游流域连续发生干旱,随着越来越多跨流域调水工程的实施,势必加剧该流域的旱情。所以,研究汉江中下游流域降水序列及干旱预测显得尤为重要。应用汉江中下游12个站点50年(1963—2012年)降水资料,通过克里金插值法和一元线性回归方程分析其降水的空间分布及时间变化规律。选取1963—2006年的数据建立灾变预测模型GM(1,1),预测该区域未来一定时期内可能发生干旱的年份。经过多种检验,模型精度较高,预测结果也基本与实际相符。     

A CFD based explosion risk analysis methodology using time varying release rates in dispersion simulations

A full probabilistic Explosion Risk Analysis (ERA) is commonly used to establish overpressure exceedance curves for offshore facilities. This involves modelling a large number of gas dispersion and explosion scenarios. Capturing the time dependant build up and decay of a flammable gas cloud size along with its shape and location are important parameters that can govern the results of an ERA. Dispersion simulations using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) are generally carried out in detailed ERA studies to obtain these pieces of information. However, these dispersion simulations are typically modelled with constant release rates leading to steady state results. The basic assumption used here is that the flammable gas cloud build up rate from these constant release rate dispersion simulations would mimic the actual transient cloud build up rate from a time varying release rate. This assumption does not correctly capture the physical phenomena of transient gas releases and their subsequent dispersion and may lead to very conservative results. This in turn results in potential over design of facilities with implications on time, materials and cost of a project.In the current work, an ERA methodology is proposed that uses time varying release rates as an input in the CFD dispersion simulations to obtain the fully transient flammable gas cloud build-up and decay, while ensuring the total time required to perform the ERA study is also reduced. It was found that the proposed ERA methodology leads to improved accuracy in dispersion results, steeper overpressure exceedance curves and a significant reduction in the Design Accidental Load (DAL) values whilst still maintaining some conservatism and also reducing the total time required to perform an ERA study.     

Malodor emission characteristics in rendering plants

Odor emission characteristics in rendering plant was studied by measuring 14 kinds of odorants in the emission gases from main processes: cooking of raw bone, concentrating of glue, refining of fat, and drying of bone. The odor from cooker had higher concentration of all odorous components compared with the other processes. From any process except the drying one, there were detected sulfur‐containing odorants in very high concentration. Of the odorants, concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan were higher. The odor from drying bed had comparatively low concentration of sulfur‐containing odorants, and higher concentration of ammonia and trimethylamine were detected. Lower fatty acids were detected from all processes though the concentrations were low. In the odorous gases taken at both the emission source and borderline side, high correlations were recognized between organoleptic test value and concentrations of measured odorants.     

长江中下游土壤矿物组成与其土壤肥力

系统论述长江中下游地区土壤矿物组成的特点及其与该地区气候条件及成土母质条件间的关系，并深入论述土壤矿物组成对土壤肥力的影响。     

近40年长江中下游春季低温气候特征及影响研究

本文研究了近40a来我国长江中下游地区春季低温的气侯特征,同时给出了研究低温的定量指标,并就低温对早稻产量的影响进行了初步探讨。     

一种确定地球化学异常下限的简便方法

本文从地球化学场元素的分布形式出发 ,探讨了理论分布形式的频率与含量双对数坐标图示特征 ,从而提出了一种确定地球化学异常下限的简便方法。将该方法应用于湖南柿竹园钨多金属矿区 ,效果显著     

瓦斯对煤尘爆炸特性影响的实验研究

瓦斯的存在对煤尘爆炸特性的理论计算和数值仿真的结果与实际数据有一定差距,因此,通过不同浓度瓦斯与煤尘共存条件下爆炸实验研究,得出了矿井瓦斯对煤尘的最低着火温度、最小点火能量、爆炸下限浓度、最大爆炸压力和最大爆炸压力上升速度等爆炸特性影响的规律即瓦斯对煤尘最低着火温度影响不大;瓦斯可使煤尘的最小点火能量减小,尤其是对难于点燃的煤尘;混合物的爆炸下限浓度随瓦斯浓度的增加而降低;混合物的最大爆炸压力上升速度由于瓦斯的存在而增强,而最大爆炸压力几乎没有变化。同时研究了瓦斯对无爆炸性煤尘的影响。实验研究的结论对于现场防止煤尘爆炸的发生具有指导意义。