Research on Methods of Ecological Security Assessment of the Middle and Lower Reaches of Liaohe River Based on GIS

1INTRODUCTIONResources and environment crisis are accompanied byincreasing economic development pressures and rapidpopulation growth in many countries of the world(RobSwart,1996).Ecological security is a hotspot.Majorityof scholars have taken in the hot discussions of ecologicalsecurity of different regions,most of which is differentfrom their background of subjects(Alex F.Mc Calla,1999;Xiao Duning,Chen Wenbo and Guo Fuliang,2002).With the development of GIS,GPS,RS and modeltechno…     

近52a长江中下游地区极端降水的时空变化特征

长江中下游地区是我国主要农业区,同时也是降水异常,洪涝灾害频繁发生的地区之一,对长江中下游地区极端降水变化的研究,可以为该区农业生产及防洪减灾提供参考依据。利用1961~2012年间的长江中下游地区84个站点的逐日降水观测资料,基于年最大日降水(AM)序列与超门限峰值降水(POT)序列,通过滑动平均、Mann-Kendall检验法、线性倾向估计等方法,分析了该地区极端降水事件的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)长江中下游地区近52a来极端降水量呈现为较明显的增加趋势,且极端降水量速率为9.3mm/10a,存在较为明显的年代际波动变化特征,1990年以后进入极端降水量偏多的时期;(2)AM与POT序列多年平均值大值主要分布在江西省大部、湖北东南部以及安徽南部;AM与POT序列多年标准差大值主要分布江西东南部与北部,湖北东南部以及湖南西北部;AM序列多年平均值与标准差均高于POT序列,AM序列年际间振幅要明显强于POT序列,极端降水年际变化幅度大于年内变化;(3)长江中下游沿岸地区年最大日降水量主要表现为增加趋势,长江以北的西部地区则主要表现为减少趋势;长江沿岸地区以及中东部地区的极端降水量主要表现为增加趋势,西部地区则主要表现为减少趋势。     

20世纪70年代以来松嫩平原乌裕尔河中下游流域的湿地演变

基于LandsatMSS和TM影像,在GIS技术支持下分析了20世纪70年代中期以来松嫩平原乌裕尔河中下游流域湿地的时空变化。研究表明1976-2000年间研究区湿地变化十分显著,沼泽湿地净减少7.47×104hm₂,分别有约5.58×104hm₂和3.40×104hm₂的沼泽湿地被开垦为旱地和水田。湿地水资源短缺,约8097.70hm₂沼泽变为干草地,1039.58hm₂退化成为盐碱地。因洪水淹没,草地沼泽化面积达到2.74×104hm₂。耕地总面积净增加12.97×104hm₂,8.10×104hm₂的旱地转变为水田。草地面积锐减16.93×104hm₂,其中44.4%被开发为耕地,约22.3%变为盐碱地,中覆盖度草地退化面积达到2.26×104hm₂,但低覆盖度草地退化的速度快。湿地景观斑块数量减少,平均规模缩小,景观更破碎。天然湿地的萎缩和退化与区域气候暖干化趋势和高强度人类活动密切相关。     

塔里木河下游生态输水后地下水的响应研究

由于近50a来人类不合理地资源开发,造成塔里木河下游的生态环境问题日趋严峻.为拯救下游绿色走廊,恢复和重建受损的下游生态系统,于2000年7月始,实施了塔里木河下游应急生态输水工程,水流于2001-11-02流进塔里木河尾闾--台特玛湖,使干涸近30a的台特玛湖重新受到水的滋润.笔者根据近2a在塔里木河下游的监测结果,通过对塔里木河下游地下水在河道纵向、横向的响应,地下水位响应强度及地下水位的变化带来下游天然植被的变化等方面对塔里木河下游生态输水工程进行阐述,分析了生态输水后地下水位响应的初步规律.研究结果表明:地下水位在一定范围内对生态输水的响应很明显,并由此带来下游生态环境向有利的方向转变.      

赣江流域中下游底泥中有机氯农药污染特征

为了解赣江流域有机氯农药污染状况,采用索氏提取方法（Soxhlet Extraction,SE）和气相色谱法（GC-ECD）,对所采集的18个底泥样品中10种有机氯农药（OCPs）的残留进行测定,并对其组分分布和来源进行了分析。结果表明,所有样品均检出10种有机氯农药,底泥中∑OCPs质量分数范围为11.813-39.197μg·kg-1,HCHs、DDTs质量分数范围分别为1.636-20.877μg·kg-1和5.590-14.092μg·kg-1,HCHs的质量分数低于DDTs,六氯苯（HCB）和七氯（Heptachlor）的质量分数相对较低,分别为0.229-6.940μg·kg-1和0.507-3.936μg·kg-1。组分分布特征分析表明,它们除了来自环境中的早期残留外,仍然具有大量新的外源HCHs和DDTs的输入,可能是新的林丹输入以及三氯杀螨醇的使用,这可能与近年来沿江农业的发展有关。     

胡杨年轮记录的塔里木河下游54年来区域水环境历史变迁

通过胡杨（Populus euphratica Oliv．）树木年轮宽度的分析,建立了塔里木河下游大西海子（A）、阿克墩（B）、亚合甫马汗（c）、英苏（D）、阿布达勒（E）、喀尔达依（F）、吐格买莱（G）、阿拉干（H）、依干不及麻（I）和考干（J）10个采样区过去54a来的STD、RES和ARS年表,并借助RES年表,采用年代际变化分析和突变检验,反演了塔里木河下游54a年来区域水环境状况变迁时空格局。结果表明：①下游10个样区54a来区域水环境状况具有多样性和复杂性,并不完全表现为距离下游上段（大西海子水库）越近其水环境状况就越好,区域水环境状况总体变异程度由低到高排序为A、G、C、H、E、D、I、B、F、J,也反映了下游10个样区生态退化程度的差异;②下游54a来区域水环境状况最好时期出现在20世纪60年代和21世纪初,大部分区域最差时期主要集中在20世纪90年代,是下游地区长达30a断流水环境变干累积效应的体现;③下游10个样区区域水环境变化具有明显的突变时间,突变出现时间相对水文事件年代具有滞后性。胡杨年轮记录的塔里木河下游54a来区域水环境时空变迁格局对下游生态退化的历史认识具有重要意义。     

长江中下游湖泊沉积物理化性质研究

对长江中下游洞庭湖、鄱阳湖、巢湖、太湖、月湖和玄武湖6个湖泊中的20个沉积物样品进行了理化性质分析,在此基础上探讨了沉积物各理化性质间的相关关系.研究结果表明长江中下游沉积物的总磷含量为307.43～1 454.39 mg/kg,阳离子交换量为0.086 1～0.252 8 mmol/g,有机质总量为0.25%～7.38%,有机质组分以胡敏素为主;沉积物的颗粒组成以粉砂粒级和粘粒级为主,占64%～98%,粉砂粒级占50%～70%;粘土矿物以伊利石/蒙脱石混层为主,其次是伊利石、绿泥石和高岭石;沉积物中主要的氧化物为SiO2,Al2O3和Fe2O3,变化较大的成分为SiO2,Al2O3和Fe2O3,MnO和CaO变化不大,TiO2基本没有变化.在长江中下游地区不同湖泊中沉积物的理化性质存在较大差异,且与湖泊污染程度密切相关.沉积物中细颗粒越多,有机质含量越高,阳离子交换量越大,铁铝氧化物含量越高的湖泊,其总磷含量也就越高.     

黄河下游引黄灌区地下水重金属分布及健康风险评估

为了解黄河下游引黄灌区地下水重金属污染水平,在引黄灌区豫、鲁两省采集59个地下水样品,定量分析了11种重金属元素(Ba、Cd、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Mo、Ni、Pb、Se和Zn)的含量及空间分布特征,应用健康风险评价模型评价了地下水中重金属污染所引起的健康风险.结果表明,地下水中Fe和Zn的平均浓度较高,分别为0.496 mg·L-1和0.445 mg·L-1.Fe、Mn、Se和Zn出现超标现象,超标率分别为:27.12%、27.12%、15.25%和5.09%.采用Inverse Distance Weighted插值法得到了黄河下游引黄灌区地下水重中金属含量的空间分布,发现地下水中超标的重金属主要分布在武城县、范县、东阿县、禹城市和冠县等区域.健康风险评价表明,非致癌物质通过饮水途径引起的健康风险高于皮肤暴露,但致癌物质的皮肤暴露致癌风险高于饮水途径.饮水和皮肤暴露途径中,致癌物质的个人年风险均以Cr最大,分别是Cd的7倍和28倍,但二者均低于最大可接受风险水平(5×10-5a-1).非致癌物质(Ba、Cu、Fe、Mn、Mo、Ni、Pb、Se和Zn)的饮用水健康风险集中在1.13×10-9～6.06×10-8a-1,皮肤接触健康风险集中在1.73×10-13～3.46×10-10a-1,均小于最大可接受风险水平.     

Hydrogen generation from polyvinyl alcohol-contaminated wastewater by a process of supercritical water gasification

Gasification of polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)-contaminated wastewater in supercritical water(SCW)was investigated in a continuous flow reactor at 723-873 K,20-36 MPa and residence time of 20-60 s.The gas and liquid products were analyzed by GC/TCD,and TOC analyzer.The main gas products were H_2,CH_4,CO and CO_2.Pressure change had no significant influence on gasification efficiency. Higher temperature and longer residence time enhanced gasification efficiency,and lower temperature favored the production of H_2. The effects of KOH catalyst on gas product composition were studied,and gasification efficiency were analyzed.The TOC removal efficiency(R_(TOC)),carbon gasification ratio(R_(CG))and hydrogen gasification ratio(R_(HG))were up to 96.00%,95.92% and 126.40% at 873 K and 60 s,respectively,which suggests PVA can be completely gasified in SCW.The results indicate supercritical water gasification for hydrogen generation is a promising process for the treatment of PVA wastewater.     

Investigation of basic properties of fly ash from urban waste incinerators in China

Basic properties of fly ash samples from different urban waste combustion facilities in China were analyzed using as X-ray fluorescence （XRF）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The leaching toxicity procedure and some factors influencing heavy metals distribution in fly ash were further investigated. Experimental results indicate that the fly ash structures are complex and its properties are variable. The results of XRF and SEM revealed that the major elements （〉10000 mg/kg, listed in decreasing order of abundance） in fly ash are O, Ca, Cl, Si, S, K, Na, Al, Fe and Zn. These elements account for 93% to 97%, and the content of Cl ranges from 6.93% to 29.18 %, while that of SiO2 does from 4.48% to 24.84%. The minor elements （1000 to 10000 mg/kg） include Cr, Cu and Pb. Primary heavy metals in fly ash include Zn, Pb, Cr, Cu etc. According to standard leaching test, heavy metal leaching levels vary from 0 to 163.10 mg/L （Pb） and from 0.049 to 164.90 mg/L （Zn）, mostly exceeding the Chinese Identification Standard for hazardous wastes. Morphology of fly ash is irregular, with both amorphous structures and polycrystalline aggregates. Further research showed that heavy metals were volatilized at a high furnace temperature, condensed when cooling down during the post-furnace system and captured at air pollution control systems. Generally, heavy metals are mainly present in the forms of aerosol particulates or tiny particulates enriched on surfaces of fly ash particles. The properties of fly ash are greatly influenced by the treatment capacities of incinerators or the variation of waste retention time in chamber. Fly ash from combustors of larger capacities generally has higher contents of volatile component and higher leaching toxicity, while those of smaller capacities often produce fly ash containing higher levels of nonvolatile components and has lower toxicity. The content of heavy metals and leaching toxicity maybe have no convincing correlation, and high alkali content of CaO greatly contribute to leaching toxicity of heavy metal and acid neutralization capacity against acid rain.