2006年11-12月国内环境事件

简要统计了2006年11-12月国内发生的各种环境事件57起,包括污染事件35起,地震7起,山体滑坡和泥石流3起,旱灾5起,以及其他自然灾害7起.对污染事件和自然灾害进行了讨论.     

重大危险源区域风险评价及监管对策

结合目前重大危险源事故频发的安全生产形势,分析了石油化学工业发展和城市化进程加快所带来的城市区域高风险,阐明了进行区域风险评价和重大危险源监管的必要性.现有区域风险定量评价方法主要有两个主流,分别为基于个人风险和社会风险的方法和基于风险补偿的方法.概要阐述了两种方法的基本原理、评价程序和最终得到的区域风险效果图,对比分析了两种区域风险定量评价方法的适用性.最后从区域规划阶段、运作阶段和应急阶段分别提出了强化重大危险源监管的对策,并阐述了重大危险源区域风险评价和监管的保障机制,以期能够对重大危险源集中区域的规划和监管提供相关的技术支持.     

2007年3-4月国内环境事件

简要统计了2007年3-4月国内发生的各种环境事件90起,包括沙尘天气17起,污染事件26起,地震11起,山体滑坡和泥石流11起,旱灾5起,以及其他自然灾害20起.对自然灾害进行了讨论.     

Pollutant loads of surface runo inWuhan City Zoo, an urban tourist area

The pollutant loads of surface runoff in an urban tourist area have been investigated for two years in the Wuhan City Zoo, China. Eight sampling sites, including two woodlands, three animal yards, two roofs and one road, were selected for sampling and study. The results indicate that pollutants ranked in a predictable order of decreasing load （e.g. animal yard〉roof〉woodland〉road）, with animal yards acting as the key pollution source in the zoo. Pollutants were transported mainly by particulate form in runoff. Particulate nitrogen and particulate phosphorous accounted on average for 61%, 78% of total pollutant, respectively, over 13 monitored rainfall events. These results indicate the treatment practices should be implemented to improve particulate nutrient removal. Analysis of the M（V） curve indicate that no first flush effect existed in the surface runoff from pervious areas （e.g. woodland, animal ground yard）, whereas a first flush effect was evident in runoff from impervious surfaces （e.g. animal cement yard, roof, road）.     

包头市环境空气主要污染因子随时间变化趋势分析

文章包头市为例,对包头市2001年～2007年的空气质量日报、二氧化硫变化趋势（SO2）、可吸入颗粒物变化趋势（PM10）和2007年二氧化硫、可吸入颗粒物月均值、小时值进行了分析研究,得出其变化特征,从而找出造成包头市空气环境污染的主要原因,为包头市环境质量改善提供依据.     

合流制管网溢流污染过程中溶解性有机污染物演替特征分析

合流制管网溢流（Combined Sewer Overflows,CSOs）是我国城镇地表水环境日益突出的瞬时污染源,明确其重要污染物溶解性有机质（Dissolved Organic Matter,DOM）的组分和来源对CSOs污染控制具有导向性意义.本研究以北运河上游沙河水库流域为对象,连续采集CSOs过程的样品,通过峰值法、特征参数法和平行因子法等解析CSOs中DOM的三维荧光光谱特征,发现CSOs中DOM主要有类色氨酸（S、T）、类富里酸（A）和类酪氨酸（D）,代表内源输入的类色氨酸（S、T）和类酪氨酸（D）占比超过4/5.特征参数法和平行因子法的结果均表明DOM的腐殖化程度较低,生物活性较强,主要为微生物降解生成的和沉积物自身在冲刷和水力输运作用下释放的内源污染,建议CSOs污染控制主要应从内源输入的角度进行,着重控制管道沉积物中污染物的释放.     

中国三大海洋经济圈海洋经济发展区域差异与分布动态及影响因素

考察中国海洋三大经济圈海洋经济发展区域差异,探究其分布动态演进规律,识别其空间非均衡的影响因素及空间溢出效应,为“十四五”期间优化海洋经济发展空间布局、推动区域海洋经济协同均衡发展提供决策参考。利用Dagum基尼系数及其分解方法考察三大海洋经济圈海洋经济发展区域相对差异的程度、来源及演变态势,在此基础上,进一步应用Kernel密度估计方法刻画其绝对差异的分布动态演进过程,并将空间效应纳入研究框架,应用空间计量分析方法识别海洋经济发展空间非均衡的影响因素及空间溢出效应。研究发现：三大海洋经济圈海洋经济发展均呈现稳定上升态势,但三者之间存在显著的分级现象;三大海洋经济圈空间非均衡程度显著,超变密度是造成三大海洋经济圈整体区域差异的主要来源;三大海洋经济圈海洋经济发展水平“极化效应”显著,呈现不同极化特征和分布延展性;三大海洋经济圈海洋经济发展存在显著的空间依赖性,总体表现为空间正相关。     

重大疫情下疫苗冷链物流在物联网环境中的风险评估*

为识别和应对重大疫情下疫苗冷链过程中的风险,研究物联网环境中在人-机-环-管理下,以加工包装、储存、运输、装卸搬运、接种为风险链的评估指标体系,全面分析各个环节风险因素,提炼16个影响疫苗冷链质量安全风险点。根据因果关系将风险评价指标体系转换为贝叶斯网络结构,建立基于贝叶斯网络的风险评估模型,并使用GeNIe软件进行计算,搜索相关数据,以印度新冠疫苗冷链物流为实证案例检验模型。研究结果表明:重大疫情下疫苗冷链物流存在风险敏感点,必须明确防控重点,制定针对性控制措施,如加强人员培训、合理规划路径及接种点位置、加大设施设备检查与更新等,研究结果可为实现疫苗冷链物流的高效安全运转提供参考。     

Transformation of rural communities: lessons from a local self-initiative for building resilience in the Solomon Islands

Solomon Islands is vulnerable to negative impacts from climate change, where people’s livelihoods and their well-being are threatened, especially the viability of isolated communities. Realising the increasing risks from climate change on communities, government, in partnership with aid-donor partners, has invested millions of dollars in climate change projects, through mitigation and adaptation strategies. As a form of adaptation, the government invests in programmes aimed at increasing the adaptive capacity of the vulnerable communities through landscape and seascape projects across the rural communities. Focusing on the “transformation concept” as a long-term adaptation strategy and enlargement of climate engineering and ecological resilience concepts, the paper discusses why building resilience from transformation of rural communities, as well as from landscape and seascape projects, would benefit communities and relevant authorities. This paper describes the findings of a study on two rural villages, Keigold and Mondo, from Ranogha Islands, Western Province, in Solomon Islands, where 80% of households decided to relocate from their old village “Mondo” to their new home “Keigold” after an earthquake in 2007, as part of a self-initiative. The reallocation process can be seen as a case of pro-active community transformation that provides valuable lessons to other rural communities that may be forced to move due to impacts from natural catastrophes, including those explained by climate change risks. Lessons from this experience suggest that policy-makers and non-government organisations should consider and empower local transformation initiatives as a way to building long-term adaptation to climate change.     

Freshwater Mussel Population Status and Habitat Quality in the Clinch River,Virginia and Tennessee,USA: A Featured Collection

The Clinch River of southwestern Virginia and northeastern Tennessee is arguably the most important river for freshwater mussel conservation in the United States. This featured collection presents investigations of mussel population status and habitat quality in the Clinch River. Analyses of historic water‐ and sediment‐quality data suggest that water column ammonia and water column and sediment metals, including Cu and Zn, may have contributed historically to declining densities and extirpations of mussels in the river's Virginia sections. These studies also reveal increasing temporal trends for dissolved solids concentrations throughout much of the river's extent. Current mussel abundance patterns do not correspond spatially with physical habitat quality, but they do correspond with specific conductance, dissolved major ions, and water column metals, suggesting these and/or associated constituents as factors contributing to mussel declines. Mussels are sensitive to metals. Native mussels and hatchery‐raised mussels held in cages in situ accumulated metals in their body tissues in river sections where mussels are declining. Organic compound and bed‐sediment contaminant analyses did not reveal spatial correspondences with mussel status metrics, although potentially toxic levels were found. Collectively, these studies identify major ions and metals as water‐ and sediment‐quality concerns for mussel conservation in the Clinch River.