The evolving local social contract for managing climate and disaster risk in Vietnam

How do disasters shape local government legitimacy in relation to managing climate‐ and disaster‐related risks? This paper looks at how local authorities in Central Vietnam perceive their social contract for risk reduction, including the partial merging of responsibilities for disaster risk management with new plans for and investments in climate change adaptation and broader socioeconomic development. The findings indicate that extreme floods and storms constitute critical junctures that stimulate genuine institutional change. Local officials are proud of their strengthened role in disaster response and they are eager to boost investment in infrastructure. They have struggled to reinforce their legitimacy among their constituents, but given the shifting roles of the state, private sector, and civil society, and the undiminished emphasis on high‐risk development models, their responsibilities for responding to emerging climate change scenarios are increasingly nebulous. The past basis for legitimacy is no longer valid, but tomorrow's social contract is not yet defined.     

我国主体功能区生态补偿思路研究

主体功能区生态补偿是一种新型生态补偿方式。具有目标多元性、定位战略性、机制科学性、等级层次性、政策配套性。与传统生态补偿相比．不仅生态学、经济学等相关理论是主体功能区生态补偿的科学基础,而且区域分工理论、区域发展空间均衡理论、区域管治理论对其也有重要的指导意义。在实施生态补偿中,应遵循注重科学、政府主导、规范有序、协商一致等原则构建生态补偿模式,为促进这一新型生态补偿的落实。需要注意：树立大局意识,引领生态补偿;完善规章制度．规范生态补偿;科学规划先行．落实生态补偿;改革财政预算,提高补偿效果;完善配套政策。协动生态补偿。     

Analysis of bacterial community structures in two sewage treatment plants with different sludge properties and treatment performance by nested PCR-DGGE method

The bacterial community structures in two sewage treatment plants with different processes and performance were investigated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） of nested polymerase chain reaction （nested PCR） amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments with group-specific primers. Samples of raw sewage and treated effluents were amplified using the whole-cell PCR method, and the activated sludge samples were amplified using the extracted genomic DNA before the PCR products were loaded on the same DGGE gel for bacterial community analysis. Ammonia-oxidizing bacterial and actinomycetic community analysis were also carried out to investigate the relationship between specific population structures and system or sludge performance. The two plants demonstrated a similarity in bacterial community structures of raw sewage and activated sludge, but they had different effluent populations. Many dominant bacterial populations of raw sewage did not appear in the activated sludge samples, suggesting that the dominant bacterial populations in raw sewage might not play an important role during wastewater treatment. Although the two plants had different sludge properties in terms of settleability and foam forming ability, they demonstrated similar actinomycetic community structures. For activated sludge with bad settling performance, the treated water presented a similar DGGE pattern with that of activated sludge, indicating the nonselective washout of bacteria from the system. The plant with better ammonium removal efficiency showed higher ammonia-oxidizing bacteria species richness. Analysis of sequencing results showed that the major populations in raw sewage were uncultured bacterium, while in activated sludge the predominant populations were beta proteobacteria.     

Bioconcentration kinetics of PCBs in various parts of the lifecycle of the tadpoles Xenopus laevis

Polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in Xenopus laevis have been reported only for a few congeners. Additionally, there is very little information on the ability of Xenopus laevis to bioconcentrate PCBs. To address these issues, the tadpole Xenopus laevis was exposed to Aroclor 1254 mixtures in water at room temperature for 110 d followed by an additional 110 d of nonspiked PCBs in the water for the control group. During the whole process, bioconcentration factors （BCFs） of PCBs ranged from 1180 to 15670. For most PCB congeners, the highest and lowest bioconcentrations of the kinetic curves were found to be remarkably simultaneous, respectively. All 141 PCB congeners under the same experimental conditions had no linear correlation on the lgBCF versus lgKow relationship. The relationship between lgBCFs and lgKow followed a parabolic pattern indicative of selective bioconcentration, suggesting that the kinetic curves of the PCB congeners observed in the lifecycle of the tadpoles may be concentrated due to the amphibian special species and internal metabolism. In contrast, lgBCFs for PCBs were inversely related to lgKow, suggesting that a metabolism of the higher Kow PCB congeners occurred. These results support the author＇s conclusion that the tadpole Xenopus laevis plays major roles in the bioconcentration of PCB congeners, and demonstrated that the exposure kinetic curves of PCB congeners are complex. Besides the amphibian metamorphous development, the lifecycle of the tadpole Xenopus laevis also may be of importance in determining the bioconcentration of PCB congeners.     

Sustainability and environmental enhancement in changing cirumstances

Natural environment has endured fast economic growth and population explosion sine the 20th century,which has soil erosion,land desertification,ozone layer depletion,bio-diversity reduction and persistent toxic and harmful pollutants are among the major environmental challenges.     

Nitrogen interception in floodwater of rice field in Taihu region of China

A field experiment located in Taihu Lake Basin of China was conducted,by application of urea or a mixture of urea with manure, to elucidate the interception of nitrogen(N)export in a typical rice field through"zero-drainage water management"combined with sound irrigation,rainfall forecasting and field drying,N concentrations in floodwater rapidly declined before the first event of field drying after three split fertilizations,and subsequently tended to retum to the background level.Before the first field drying,total particulate nitrogen(TPN)was the predominant N form in floodwater of plots with no N input,dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN)on plots that received urea only,and dissolved organic nitrogen(DON)on plots treated with the mixture of urea and manure.Thereafter TPN became the major form.No N export was found from the rice field,but total nitrogen(TN)of 15.8 kg/hm~2 was remained,mainly due to soil N sorption.The results recommended the zero-drainage water management for full-scale areas for minimizing N export.     

西安地区大气降水化学组成特征与物源分析

于2007年1月至2008年1月间,系统采集西安市区及咸阳郊区大气降水样品70个,对其主成分进行了分析,以期获得大气降水组成特征及其物质来源信息。研究结果显示,Ca2+是最主要的阳离子,分别占西安和咸阳降水中阳离子总量的77.4%和79.6%,其次是Na+。SO42-是最主要的阴离子,分别占西安和咸阳降水中阴离子总量的83.2%和81.4%,NO3-次之。两地降水中各组分含量年内变化趋势具同步性,均显示冬季远高于夏季的特征,且西安降水中各组分含量均高于咸阳。说明两地降水化学组成具同源性,咸阳大气污染物主要来自西安大气污染物的扩散。海相贡献比例计算结果显示,两地降水中SO42-和Ca2+海相输入比例很小,SO42-主要来自工业生产释放的SO2,而雨水中高浓度的Ca2+和Mg2+则是由于酸性物质对大气颗粒物的强化溶解造成。西安和咸阳雨水SO42-/NO3-值分别为12.89和11.11,属于燃煤型大气污染。     

新冠肺炎疫情下的环境应急管理研究

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情(以下简称"新冠肺炎疫情")是一次具有较大环境风险的复合性危机事件,评估总结应对疫情的环境应急管理政策实践进展,识别我国在面对重大疫情时环境应急管理存在的短板具有重要意义。本文通过对新冠肺炎疫情产生的环境影响以及应急措施的进展分析,总结了重大疫情下环境应急管理的经验与不足,建议要健全针对重大疫情的环境应急响应机制,加强环境应急基础能力建设,加快完善支撑保障体系。     

锡林河流域地表水水化学主离子特征及控制因素

通过对2006~2008年锡林河主要径流期内13个河水断面239个水样以及同期地下水和大气降水主离子水化学进行分析,结合锡林河流域的气象和水文资料,利用Piper三线图和Gibbs图分析了锡林河河水的水化学特征及主离子组成变化特征.结果表明,锡林河河水TDS变化范围在136.7~376.5 mg·L-1之间,平均245.1 mg·L-1,为低矿化度河水;河水中主要阳离子以Ca2+为主,阴离子以HCO-3为主,河水的水化学类型从HCO-3-Ca2+过渡到HCO-3-Ca2+·Mg2+;河水主离子平均浓度年内、年际变化均不大,年内变化表现在5月主离子浓度高于其他月,年际变化表现为主离子在2007年的平均浓度均较小;空间上,Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、K+、Cl-和HCO-3的浓度呈现沿程逐渐增加的趋势,SO2-4的浓度变化呈先增加后减小的趋势;河水中主离子浓度值介于大气降水和地下水之间,并且十分接近地下水浓度,说明地表水同时受大气降水和地下水补给并主要依靠地下水补给;Gibbs图显示河水离子组成主要与流域内的岩石风化有关,流域有一定量的蒸发岩存在,但蒸发岩对水化学的贡献弱于碳酸盐岩.     

构建黑龙江省粮食利益补偿机制研究初探

黑龙江省是国家粮食主产区之一,近年来粮食生产取得了显著成效,然而,黑龙江省粮食主产区在自身区域经济发展中因政策性原因遭遇经济发展瓶颈。本文从分析保障国家粮食安全和发展区域经济的关系入手,论证了保障国家粮食安全和发展区域经济的对立统一关系,并着重分析了黑龙江省粮食主产区现在面临的区域经济发展窘境,结合十七届三中全会提出的加快实现粮食增产、农民增收、财力增强相协调,充分调动农民种粮、地方抓粮积极性的要求,提出了构建以粮食安全保障基金、商品粮调销补偿基金、耕地保护基金为主的黑龙江省粮食主产区利益补偿建议,最终实现保障国家粮食安全、富民增收、区域经济协调发展的目标。