水平潜流人工湿地氮磷去除回归方程的建立

为考察水平潜流人工湿地对于生活污水中主要污染物指标TN、TP的去除率,建立更为详细的人工湿地回归方程,用以指导人工湿地设计,按照黑箱模型理论,将搜集的500多组数据按照季节、水力负荷、种植植物类型等分类,分析不同因素对于人工湿地去除效果的影响,确定了以季节和水力负荷作为建立回归方程的最主要分类依据.以此为基础,按照线性回归的方法,建立了TN、TP去除率回归方程共12组,所得的拟合优度R2值在0.65~0.95之间,精确性有了很大提高.     

利用CRI作为人工湿地预处理措施的工艺研究

人工湿地处理系统作为一种对于面源污染有较好针对性的生态型污水处理技术,构建简单,成本低,但也存在诸多缺陷。利用人工快渗(CRI)作为人工湿地的预处理措施,使得系统的氧恢复能力增强,过水速率提高,能有效缓解堵塞问题,改善人工湿地的水力条件。实验研究表明:增加CRI工艺作为预处理措施可以很大程度上改善单一人工湿地的出水水质。     

人类活动对安庆沿江湖泊湿地影响的初步研究

湖泊湿地不仅具有丰富的资源,还有着强大的环境功能和生态效益。人类大规模的开发利用湖泊湿地资源,在获取大量生产、生活资料的同时,也给湖泊湿地生态系统带来了负面影响,如湖面减少,水质下降,生态环境退化等。安庆沿江湖泊湿地为省级自然保护区,相对长江中下游大湖普遍退化而言,该湿地有着良好的自然性,正吸引着有关专家和研究组织的重视和关注。对安庆沿江湖泊湿地资源和功能展开分析,并从水利建设、围湖垦殖、森林砍伐和水土流失、农业污染、公路建设及渔业开发等方面探讨了人类活动对湿地的影响。提出了保护安庆沿江湖泊湿地资源和环境的建议和对策,以促进湿地资源与环境的可持续发展。     

不同水文条件下黄河口滨海湿地土壤真菌群落的分布特征

为了探究不同水文条件下黄河口滨海湿地土壤真菌群落多样性和结构特征,通过内转录区间(ITS)高通量测序技术对淡水恢复芦苇湿地(FPW)、非淹水芦苇湿地(NPW)、潮汐芦苇湿地(TPW)和盐地碱蓬湿地(TSW)土壤的真菌群落多样性和结构进行对比分析.结果 表明,非淹水芦苇湿地土壤中真菌OTUs数量最高(902),但4种湿地...     

白洋淀芦苇型水陆交错带水化学动态及其净化功能研究

于2007年3月-11月对富营养化湖泊一白洋淀进行了现场调查,分析了温度、溶解氧（DO）、叶绿素、总磷（TP）及其他水化学指标的动态变化规律,并讨论了它们之间的相互关系。结果表明：白洋淀芦苇（Phragmites australis var．baiyangdiansis）型水陆交错带对营养物质具有强烈的截留作用,可以达到净化白洋淀水体的效果。从水质指标的空间分布看,污染较重的府河河口区域其水体TP、化学需氧量（CODc,）含量明显高于污染较轻的湖泊中心区域,空间梯度上呈逐步递减趋势。根据水体盐度、总溶解性固体、TP及DO含量进行聚类分析,可以将采样点分为3类：Ⅰ区、污染较重河口区域;Ⅱ区、中间过渡缓冲区域;Ⅲ区、污染较轻中心区域。Ⅰ区其水体DO含量明显低于Ⅲ区,而水体盐度则明显高于Ⅲ区。通过调查发现：在8月份,白洋淀水体DO含量突然增加;相关分析表明：叶绿素含量与DO（P=0．046）及温度（P〈0．01）之间呈显著正相关关系。结合叶绿素等指标的动态变化规律,8月份左右可能是白洋淀藻类爆发的危险时期。     

三江平原小叶章湿地土壤酶活性的季节动态

选取三江平原小叶章（Calamagrostis angustifolia）沼泽湿地为研究对象,于5—9月采集0～20cm土壤样品,分析了小叶章湿地土壤酶活性的季节动态变化,并探讨了其与土壤有机碳和全氮含量的关系。结果表明：小叶章湿地土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性具有明显的季节变化特点,变异系数分别为13.1%、7.9%、13.6%、9.8%、5.0%、27.0%。土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、纤维素酶活性具有相似的动态规律,均在6月份出现一个波峰值,但最大值出现的月份不同,脲酶、蔗糖酶、纤维素酶在9月份时的酶活性最高,而酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶在6月份时酶活性最高。淀粉酶活性动态规律表现为5—7月酶活性降低,而后酶活性升高,9月份酶活性最高,此时淀粉酶的水解能力最大。并且,随着季节变化,小叶章湿地土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、纤维素酶活性与有机碳含量显著正相关（p〈0.05）,淀粉酶、酸性磷酸酶活性与土壤全氮含量显著正相关（p〈0.05）。     

人工湿地磷吸附饱和基质的化学再生研究

长期处理了生活污水后的人工湿地基质对磷素的吸附会达到饱和,通过化学浸提方法,研究了2种无机酸（盐酸和硫酸）,酸和碱（盐酸和氢氧化钠溶液）对饱和吸附磷基质的释磷效果以及再生后基质吸附磷效果。结果表明：盐酸和硫酸对基质释磷的差异性不大,硫酸的释磷效果略好于盐酸,对3种基质的释磷效果几乎都大于80%;碱对砂和煤渣释磷效果好,对高炉渣释磷效果差,但经碱再生后的高炉渣、砂基质对磷素的吸收率极高,磷素初始浓度在1～50mg·L-1范围内时,吸收率在95.18%～99.04%范围内,对基质的再生能力好,而经碱再生后的煤渣基质对磷素的吸收率却很低,吸收率不超过21.14%。     

Macroinvertebrate and fish populations in a restored impounded salt marsh 21 years after the reestablishment of tidal flooding

During the last two decades, the State of Connecticut has restored tidal flow to many impounded salt marshes. One of the first of these and the one most extensively studied is Impoundment One in the Barn Island Wildlife Management Area in Stonington, Connecticut. In 1990, twelve years after the re-establishment of tidal flooding, the density of the marsh snail Melampus bidentatus, the numerically dominant macroinvertebrate of the high marsh, in Impoundment One was about half that in reference marshes below the breached impoundment dike. By 1999 the densities of Melampus above and below the dike were not significantly different, but the shell-free biomass was greater above the dike as a result of the somewhat larger number and size of the snails there. Twenty-one years after the renewal of tidal flooding, three marsh macroinvertebrates (the amphipods Orchestia grillus and Uhlorchestia spartinophila and the mussel Geukensia demissa) were significantly less abundant in the previously impounded marsh than in the reference marshes, whereas another amphipod (Gammarus palustris) was more abundant above the breached dike where conditions appeared to be somewhat wetter. In 1991 the fish assemblage in a mosquito-control ditch in Impoundment One was similar to that in a ditch below the breached dike; however, the common mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus appeared to be less abundant in the restoring marsh. By 1999 the number of mummichogs caught in ditches was significantly greater in Impoundment One than in the reference marsh, but the numbers of mummichogs trapped along the tidal creek were comparable above and below the dike. The results obtained in this study and those of other restoring marshes at Barn Island indicate the full recovery of certain animal populations following the reintroduction of tidal flow to impounded marshes may require up to two or more decades. Furthermore, not only do different species recover at different rates on a single marsh, but the time required for the recovery of a particular species may vary widely from marsh to marsh, often independently of other species.     

Contaminant Exposure and Effects in Red-Winged Blackbirds Inhabiting Stormwater Retention Ponds

Stormwater wetlands are created to retain water from storms and snow melt to reduce sediment, nutrient, and contaminant pollution of natural waterways in metropolitan areas. However, they are often a source of attractive habitat to wetland-associated wildlife. In this study of 12 stormwater wetlands and a larger, older reference site, elevated concentrations of zinc and copper were found in sediments and carcasses of 8-day-old red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) nestlings inhabiting stormwater sites. Although nesting success in the stormwater wetlands was comparable to national averages, sediment zinc concentrations correlated with clutch size, hatching success, fledgling success, and Mayfield nest success, suggesting that the nestlings may have been stressed and impaired by elevated zinc. This stress may have been direct on the nestlings or indirect through effects on the availability of food organisms.Published online     

Effects of Bridge Shading on Estuarine Marsh Benthic Invertebrate Community Structure and Function

The effect of bridge shading on estuarine marsh food webs was assessed by comparing benthic invertebrate communities beneath seven highway bridges with marshes outside of bridge-affected areas (reference marshes). We used light attenuation and height–width ratio (HW ratio), which takes into account the two main bridge characteristics that determine the degree of shading, to quantify the impact of shading on invertebrate communities. Low bridges, with HW ratio <0.7 and light attenuation greater than 85–90%, had benthic invertebrate densities and diversity that were significantly lower than reference marshes. Density of benthic invertebrates at low bridges was 25–52% (29,685–72,920 organisms/m²) of densities measured in adjacent reference marshes (119,329–173,351 organisms/m²). Likewise, there were fewer taxa under low bridges (5.8/11.35 cm² core) as compared to the reference marshes (9.0/11.35 cm² core). Density of numerically dominant taxa (e.g., oligochaetes and nematodes) as well as surface- and subsurface deposit feeders also were reduced under low bridges. Decreased invertebrate density, diversity, dominant taxa, and alterations of trophic feeding groups beneath low bridges was correlated with diminished above- and below-ground macrophyte biomass that presumably resulted in fewer food resources and available refuges from predators. With a greater knowledge of bridge shading effects, bridge construction and design may be improved to reduce the impacts on estuarine benthic invertebrate communities and overall ecosystem structure and function.