Drainage Impacts on Surficial Water Retention Capacity of a Prairie Pothole Watershed

Wetland restoration has been proposed as a tool to mitigate excess runoff and associated nonpoint source pollution in the Upper Midwestern United States. This study quantified the surficial water retention capacity of existing and drained wetlands for the Greater Blue Earth River Basin (GBERB), an intensively drained agricultural watershed. Using airborne light detection and ranging, the historic depressional storage was determined to be 152 mm. Individual depression analysis suggested that the restoration of most drained areas would have little impact on the storage capacity of the GBERB because the majority (53%) of retention capacity was in large depressions (>40 ha) which comprised only a small proportion (<1.0) of the observed depressions. Accounting for change in storage and the difference in annual evapotranspiration (ET) between wetlands and the croplands that replaced them, restoration of all depressions in the Minnesota portion of GBERB would provide a maximum of 131 mm additional capacity over and above the modern day capacity (193 mm; 56 mm depressional storage; 60 mm wetland ET; and 77 mm cropland ET). Considering that depressional depths in smaller areas are within the range of uncertainty of the lidar digital elevation models and larger depressions have the most storage, we conclude that efforts to increase the surficial water‐holding capacity of the GBERB would be best served in the restoration of large (>40 ha) depressions.     

黄河三角洲潮滩湿地系统二甲基硫排放通量的时空变化

为了探讨黄河三角洲潮滩湿地系统二甲基硫(dimethylsulfide,DMS)排放的时空变化和主要影响因子,利用静态箱法监测了黄河三角洲高潮滩、中潮滩和低潮滩DMS通量和环境因子的年际变化.结果表明,从全年来看,黄河三角洲潮滩湿地系统是DMS的释放源,高潮滩、中潮滩和低潮滩释放DMS的通量范围依次为0.043~0.59μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、0.18~1.90μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和0.88~5.80μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),均值依次为0.33μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、0.95μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和2.18μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1).黄河三角洲潮滩湿地DMS的释放通量具有明显的时空变化,其排放主要集中在植物生长季.潮滩湿地间DMS的排放通量差异显著(p0.05),表现为低潮滩中潮滩高潮滩,这种时空变化可能与季节、植被、环境因子、土壤基质等的空间变化有关.DMS的排放受到多种因素的影响,在高潮滩,0 cm地温对DMS排放通量影响显著;在低潮滩,0~5 cm土壤体积含水量对DMS排放通量影响显著,而在中潮滩则没有发现显著的影响因子.该研究成果可以为进一步研究黄河三角洲湿地硫循环及其对大气环境的影响提供基础数据.     

武河湿地主要污染源的调查与分析研究

以武河湿地为例,对注入到武河湿地的主要污染源陷泥河的水质进行调查取样,用连续流动化学分析仪对采样点的水质进行分析,通过陷泥河水中不同形态氮、磷含量分析引起该点水污染的主要污染源;最后通过对比武河湿地入口和下游的氮、磷含量,分析武河湿地降解水体污染物和净化水质的功能.结果表明:武河湿地主要污染源为工业废水和生活污水;同时表明武河湿地具有一定的降解水体污染物和净化水质的功能.     

人工湿地去除抗生素抗性基因的研究进展

抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）在环境中的污染现状和危害逐渐受到重视.常规的水处理工艺在减少抗生素耐药菌（ARB）方面表现出非常好的效果.然而,即使在消毒过程中ARB完全失活,产生游离的ARGs也可能通过转化或转导等手段整合到其他微生物体内,使ARGs在环境中传播和扩散.因此,需要有特定的工艺处理废水中的ARGs.人工湿地是目前有效且经济环保的废水处理工艺,并且已有大量研究表明在去除抗生素和ARGs方面有显著效果.通过综述目前国内外人工湿地水处理系统对ARGs的去除效率的研究进展,结果表明,潜流人工湿地相较于表面流人工湿地对ARGs的去除效率更高.人工湿地对ARGs的去除效率因人工湿地强化类型、植物、温度和pH等因素而异,在去除环境中ARGs的应用有广阔的前景,同时也面临挑战.     

水平潜流人工湿地对畜禽养殖废水中特征污染物的去除

为了探究水平潜流人工湿地去除畜禽养殖废水污染物的性能,选择养殖废水中常见的特征污染物抗生素——四环素(tetracycline,TC)和重金属Cu2+,构建模拟水平潜流人工湿地,设置空白处理(CK)、进水中外加1 mg·L-1四环素(TC)、进水中外加5 mg·L-1 Cu2+(Cu)、进水中外加1 mg·L-1四环素和5 mg·L-1 Cu2+(TC+Cu)这4组潜流人工湿地,考察人工湿地对畜禽养殖废水中污染物的去除效果.结果表明,CK组湿地对养殖废水中总有机碳(total organic carbon,TOC)、总氮(total nitrogen,TN)、NH:-N和 PO43-P 的去除率分别为(84.3±7.2)％、(78.6±7.0)％、(82.1±4.4)％和(88.0±6.0)％,与 CK 组相比,TC、Cu和TC+Cu组湿地对TN的去除率分别下降了 0.4％～21.7％、2.8％～25.5％和4.3％～27.0％,对NH4+-N的去除率分别下降了 1.6％～15.7％、2.5％～17.8％和8.4％～23.0％,进水中添加TC或Cu2+对湿地TN和NH4+-N的去除有明显抑制作用.TOC、TN、NH4+-N和P043--P等污染物的去除主要发生在湿地前端.TC、Cu和TC+Cu组人工湿地对TC和Cu2+的去除率均分别在99.9％和91.4％以上.4组湿地出水中11种四环素抗性基因(tetracycline resistance genes,TRGs)绝对丰度均显著低于进水(低约2～3个数量级).CK组湿地出水tetA、tetC、tetE、tetO、tetQ、tetT和tetBp基因相对丰度均显著低于进水,这7种TRGs的去除率为43.3％(tetC)～96.3％(tetA).与CK组相比,进水中添加TC或Cu2+使湿地出水中TRGs相对丰度有所升高,TC、Cu和TC+Cu组湿地出水中TRGs相对丰度分别比CK组高12％～52％、6.7％～51％和24％～82％.人工湿地对抗生素、重金属和抗生素抗性基因有好的去除率,是一种适宜净化畜禽养殖废水的深度处理技术.     

中国典型滨海湿地转变为养殖塘对土壤细菌多样性及群落结构的影响

以我国黄河口碱蓬湿地、九龙江口桐花树湿地、东寨港木榄湿地为研究样地,借助高通量测序技术探究这3个典型滨海湿地转变为养殖塘前、后土壤细菌多样性及群落结构的变化.结果表明：①天然湿地转变为养殖塘后,土壤细菌群落多样性与丰富度均有所下降;②天然湿地转变为养殖塘未显著改变细菌门水平群落组成,湿地优势细菌门主要为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）;③天然湿地转变为养殖塘改变了土壤优势细菌属,九龙江口和东寨港湿地转变后,寡养单胞菌属（Stenotrophomonas）相对丰度均有所升高,东寨港湿地转变后土壤中假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）相对丰度也有所增加,并新增了气单胞菌属（Aeromonas）;4环境因子对湿地土壤细菌相对丰度有显著影响,寡养单胞菌属（Stenotrophomonas）与含水量呈显著负相关（p<0.05）,与容重和pH呈显著正相关（p<0.01）;Sulfurimonas、Woeseia等细菌属与土壤容重呈显著负相关（p<0.01）.由此可见,湿地围垦养殖对土壤微环境产生了较大影响,养殖户在进行养殖作业时需格外注重生态环境的健康与可持续发展.     

环丙沙星在亚高山草甸土和沼泽土中的吸附特性

为了研究环丙沙星（Ciprfloxacin,CIP）在土壤中的吸附过程及主要影响因素,以川西北高原亚高山草甸土和沼泽土为研究对象,采用OECD guideline 106批平衡方法,分析了亚高山草甸土和沼泽土对CIP的吸附动力学特征、吸附热力学特征以及pH、温度、CIP初始浓度等对其吸附过程的影响.结果表明:①不同初始浓度CIP在两种土壤中的吸附过程均符合准二级吸附动力学模型,R2为0.920 2~0.988 6.②Freundlich等温吸附模型能够较好地拟合两种土壤对CIP的吸附热力学过程,吸附等温线符合“L”型.③在15~35℃范围内,吸附热力学参数ΔHθ（吉布斯自由能）和ΔGθ（焓变）均小于0,ΔSθ（熵变）大于0,表明两种土壤对CIP的吸附过程以物理吸附为主,属于吸附体系混乱度增加的自发进行的放热反应.④吸附容量lg K_f满足沼泽土大于亚高山草甸土,说明沼泽土对CIP的吸附能力强于亚高山草甸土,且两种土壤的吸附能力与CIP的初始浓度呈正相关.⑤在pH为3~9条件下,吸附量均随pH的增加呈现先增后减的趋势,当pH为5时,两种土壤对CIP的吸附效果均最好,表明强酸和碱性环境均不利于土壤对CIP的吸附.研究显示,CIP在两种土壤中的吸附容量、吸附强度以及吸附速率均存在较大差异,温度、CIP的初始浓度和pH对两种土壤吸附CIP存在一定影响.      

Effects of anthropogenic landscapes on population maintenance of waterbirds

Anthropogenic impacts have reduced natural areas but increased the area of anthropogenic landscapes. There is debate about whether anthropogenic landscapes (e.g., farmlands, orchards, and fish ponds) provide alternatives to natural habitat and under what circumstances. We considered whether anthropogenic landscapes can mitigate population declines for waterbirds. We collected data on population trends and biological traits of 1203 populations of 579 species across the planet. Using Bayesian generalized linear mixed models, we tested whether the ability of a species to use an anthropogenic landscape can predict population trends of waterbird globally and of species of conservation concern. Anthropogenic landscapes benefited population maintenance of common but not less-common species. Conversely, the use of anthropogenic landscapes was associated with population declines for threatened species. Our findings delineate some limitations to the ability of anthropogenic landscapes to mitigate population declines, suggesting that the maintenance of global waterbird populations depends on protecting remaining natural areas and improving the habitat quality in anthropogenic landscapes. Article impact statement: Protecting natural areas and improving the quality of anthropogenic landscapes as habitat are both needed to achieve effective conservation.