Influence of ciprofloxacin on the microbial catabolic diversity in soil

In this study, the effect of ciprofloxacin (CIP) on the catabolic diversity of soil microbial communities was evaluated. Soil samples were spiked with ciprofloxacin (0, 1, 5 and 50 mg?kg^?1) and were incubated for 1, 3, 9, 22 and 40 days. Untreated controls received only water. The functional diversity of the microbial community studied was characterized using a catabolic response profile (CRP). Six substrate groups were tested: carbohydrates, amino acids, carboxylic acids, aromatic chemicals, alcohols and polymers. After 40 days, the CIP concentrations in the soil samples ranged from 25% to 58% of the initial concentrations. Soil respiratory responses to the individual substrates D-glucose, lactose, D-mannose, L-glutamic, Na-citrate, malic acid and inosine were inhibited at the high CIP concentrations (5 and 50 mg·kg^?1) in the soils and were increased at the lowest CIP concentration (1 mg·kg^?1). Soil respiration was inhibited at all of the CIP concentrations after the addition of D-galactose and glycerol. The CIP concentration and incubation time explained 45.3% of the variance of the catabolic responses. The CRP analysis clearly discriminated among the different CIP concentrations. The results suggest that CIP strongly affects the catabolic diversities of soil microbial communities and that its effect is more significant than that of incubation time.     

嗅觉实验配气方法的改进及影响因素研究

配制气体样品是异味测试及相关研究的基础工作,配气稳定性直接影响测试结果准确度。三点比较式臭袋法使用微量进样针量取并转移液体标准物质到3L无臭气袋的传统配气方法。对于异味阈值较小物质或样品浓度处于较低范围时,为了降低取样体积波动对配气精度和稳定性的影响。提出先将标准注入100mL玻璃注射器,充分挥发混匀后再转移部分气体到无臭气袋的两步式配气方法。结果表明,2种配气方法的准确度不存在显著差异,但两步式配气法的配气稳定性明显优于传统方法。此外,研究还发现,常见异味物质在被注人气袋后3min内便能完全挥发并混合均匀。除一些挥发性和吸附性极强的物质外,气袋内的异味物质气体浓度能在配好后20min内基本保持不变。     

Rapid determination of polar pesticides and plant growth regulators in fruits and vegetables by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

ABSTRACT

A simple high-throughput liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) multiresidue analysis method was developed for the simultaneous determination of polar pesticides, plant growth regulators and other polar compounds. These included amitrole, chlormequat, mepiquat, cyromazine, ETU, PTU, perchlorate, and daminozide using a mixed-mode column. A 10 g test portion was shaken with acidified methanol for 10 min. After centrifugation, the sample extract was injected and analyzed within 11 min by LC-MS-MS. This column eliminated the need for derivatization or the use of ion paring reagent. Two MS-MS transitions were monitored in the method for each target compound to achieve true positive identification. Eight isotopically-labeled internal standards corresponding to each analyte were used to correct for matrix suppression effect and/or instrument signal drift. The average recovery for all analytes at 20, 40, and 250 ng/g (n = 6) ranged from 73–136%, with a relative standard deviation of ≤ 20%.     

水泥、粉煤灰及DTCR固化/稳定化重金属污染底泥

采用水泥、粉煤灰及有机硫稳定剂DTCR固化/稳定化处理重金属污染的底泥,考察固化体的抗压强度及重金属浸出毒性,确定了底泥固化/稳定化的最佳工艺条件。结果表明:仅用水泥固化/稳定化重金属污染底泥,固化体抗压强度随水泥用量的增加而上升,重金属浸出浓度则下降,当水泥∶干底泥质量比为0.6∶1.0时,固化体7 d抗压强度能达到0.99 MPa的标准值;进一步研究发现,水泥∶粉煤灰∶干底泥质量比为0.54∶0.06∶1.0时,重金属浸出浓度有所上升,但7 d及28 d抗压强度仍能分别达到1.2 MPa和2.8 MPa;加入DTCR后,当水泥∶粉煤灰∶DTCR∶干底泥质量比为0.54∶0.06∶0.012∶1.0时,固化体7 d及28 d抗压强度分别为1.1 MPa和2.1 MPa,醋酸缓冲溶液法浸出的Cd、Pb、Zn和Cu浓度分别为0.102、0.189、0.180和0.032 mg/L。     

叠式空气隙膜蒸馏组件膜污染实验研究

采用一种具有旋流结构的多层层叠式空气隙膜蒸馏膜组件,以20 g/L氯化钠盐水为热工质,考察在70℃条件下膜污染情况,实验结果表明,一个周期的连续运行和间歇性操作膜表面在高温下较快进入膜污染,8个周期后膜通量下降为初始通量的42%。膜表面有大量黄色附着物,电镜SEM分析显示,膜表面被不均匀堆积的颗粒状污染物及长方体结晶物覆盖,能谱EDS分析,污染物有极少量NaCl结晶的Na、Cl元素,还有O、C、Mg、Cu和Fe等元素。污染膜经5%盐酸溶液清洗后无机垢沉淀被去除,表观效果较好。     

酸碱调控及底物浓度对木糖发酵产酸特性的影响

以木糖为碳源采用间歇培养方式,对木糖厌氧发酵产酸进行研究。考察木糖浓度和初始pH值对木糖厌氧产酸的影响。结果表明,随着木糖浓度的增加,总产酸量得到提高,但木糖利用率却呈现下降的趋势。当木糖浓度为5 g/L时,其利用率为100%,15 g/L时利用率为73.9%,此时挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)为9.22 g/L。木糖的分批投加可有效促进产酸,尤其是促进乙酸浓度的提高。pH为5.0和6.0左右时,VFAs主要成分为乙酸和丁酸;而pH为7.0～9.0时,乙酸含量明显增高,在pH值为8.0的条件下乙酸含量占总VFAs的80.1%。在pH=8.0时经过8 d左右的发酵,VFAs浓度可达9.34 g/L。     

影响钝顶螺旋藻固碳的环境因子优化

为了提高钝顶螺旋藻生长过程中的固碳速率,从CO2浓度、温度和光周期3个主要环境因子进行优化。实验结果表明,钝顶螺旋藻在2 L三角瓶中培养时,最佳培养条件为10%CO2,温度30℃,光周期16/8。最佳培养条件下,钝顶螺旋藻对数生长期内比生长速率与固碳速率均达到峰值0.512 d-1和42.506 mg/(L.h)。此外,钝顶螺旋藻的底物消耗表明培养液中的N、P足量,其初始添加量可以满足藻体的生长需要;生长过程中补加10%CO2一方面补充钝顶螺旋藻可吸收碳源,另一方面有利于缓解培养液pH升高对藻生长的影响。     

臭氧微气泡深度处理染料废水生化出水

采用臭氧氧化法对某厂染料废水生化出水进行深度处理,考察了废水初始pH值和臭氧气泡大小对废水处理效果的影响,研究了臭氧微气泡对气液传质的影响。结果表明,在pH 2.5~11范围内,废水初始pH值越大,处理效果越好;加载微孔膜片后,臭氧气泡粒径变小,增大了臭氧的传质比表面积,延长了臭氧气泡在反应柱内的停留时间,强化了传质效果,处理废水的臭氧利用率可增大10%~30%,强化了臭氧氧化作用。加载5 μm孔径的膜片相比无膜片的情况,COD去除率提高了近30%,TOC去除率提高了16%。     

分散填料曝气塔多相流态分析与传氧性能表征

针对分散填料曝气塔中多相流的流态与传氧过程,实验了布气方式以及海绵和陶粒2种填料对于体系的气含率εg、流态以及气-液传质性能的影响。在表观气速U范围(0.01～0.18 m/s)内观察到81孔布气板(Φ1 mm)体系出现3个明显相区,孔数过少(25孔),或者孔间距较小(225孔)均没有明显过渡区,在湍流区(U>0.118 m/s)3种布气板的气含率没有明显差别。海绵填料体积分数εs<25%时体系的气含率没有明显变化,35%时气含率下降且过渡区提前出现。在非均相区,海绵填料明显提高了体系的传质系数KLa。陶粒填料降低了气含率,固含率对εg的影响差别不明显,同时降低了多相流体系的KLa,且随着固含率的增加KLa降低。对比多种操作条件,单位体积空气传氧能力KLa/εg无明显差别,但在81孔布气板的过渡区KLa/εg出现一个明显的极小区间,说明过渡区传氧效率较低。在特定的实验操作条件下,KLa/εg较为稳定,这为深入理解两种气泡群体的共存体系在传氧性能方面各自的权重,提供了重要的量化参考。     

Derivation of predicted no effect concentrations (PNEC) for 2,4,6-trichlorophenol based on Chinese resident species

2,4,6-Trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) is a common chemical intermediate and a by-product of water chlorination and combustion processes, and is a priority pollutant of the aquatic environment in many countries. Although information on the toxicity of 2,4,6-TCP is available, there is a lack of information on the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) of 2,4,6-TCP, mainly due to the shortage of chronic and site-specific toxicity data. In the present study, acute and sub-chronic toxicity of 2,4,6-TCP on six different resident Chinese aquatic species were determined. PNEC values were calculated and compared by use of two approaches: assessment factor (AF) and species sensitivity distribution (SSD). Values for acute toxicity ranged from 1.1 mg L⁻¹ (Plagiognathops microlepis) to 42 mg L⁻¹ (Corbicula fluminea) and the sub-chronic no observed effect concentrations (NOECs) ranged from 0.05 mg L⁻¹ (Mylopharyngodon piceus) to 2.0 mg L⁻¹ (C. fluminea). PNECs obtained by the assessment factor approach with acute (AF = 1000, 0.001 mg L⁻¹) or chronic (AF = 10, 0.005 mg L⁻¹) toxicity data were one order of magnitude less than those from SSD methods (0.057 mg L⁻¹). PNEC values calculated using SSD methods with a 50% certainty for 2,4,6-TCP was less than those obtained by use of the USEPA recommend final chronic value (FCV) method (0.097 mg L⁻¹) and the one obtained by use of the USEPA recommend acute-to-chronic (ACR) methods (0.073 mg L⁻¹). PNECs derived using AF methods were more protective and conservative than that derived using SSD methods.