Meteorological normalisation and non-parametric smoothing for quality assessment and trend analysis of tropospheric ozone data

Despite extensive efforts to ensure that sampling and installation and maintenance of instruments are as efficient as possible when monitoring air pollution data, there is still an indisputable need for statistical post processing (quality assessment). We examined data on tropospheric ozone and found that meteorological normalisation can reveal (i) errors that have not been eliminated by established procedures for quality assurance and control of collected data, as well as (ii) inaccuracies that may have a detrimental effect on the results of statistical tests for temporal trends. Moreover, we observed that the quality assessment of collected data could be further strengthened by combining meteorological normalisation with non-parametric smoothing techniques for seasonal adjustment and detection of sudden shifts in level. Closer examination of apparent trends in tropospheric ozone records from EMEP (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme) sites in Finland showed that, even if potential raw data errors were taken into account, there was strong evidence of upward trends during winter and early spring.     

Seasonal Variation in Bacterial Flora of the Wastewater and Soil in the Vicinity of Industrial Area

Environmental pollution is one of the major problems being facedtoday due to the advent of extensive industrialization. Heavy metals are the most important contaminants in wastewater that are present in abundance and are toxic. Heavy metal contentsof sewage in the industrial estate of Aligarh (U.P.) have beendetermined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The analysisof samples collected from six different locations revealedsignificantly high levels of Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr and Ni. Certainbacteriological (Total bacterial count, Total coliform, Fecal coliform, and Fecal Streptococci) parameters of domestic and industrial sewage as well as soils were monitored from March1990 to January 1993. Total bacterial count, total coliform,fecal coliform and fecal streptococci were found to be lowestin all the samples of industrial wastewater compared to thosein domestic sewage and soil systems. The soil however, contained highest total culturable bacterial population. In view of the common practice of the application of sewage to agricultural land in the neighbouring area, the discharge ofindustrial wastewater without proper treatment into public sewers should be strictly prohibited.     

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BASAL SOIL RESPIRATION RATE, TREE STAND AND SOIL CHARACTERISTICS IN BOREAL FORESTS

Soil respiration is considered to represent the overall microbial activity reflecting mineralisation of organic matter in soil. It is the most commonly used biological variable in soil studies. In long-term monitoring of forested areas, there is a need for reference values for soil microbiological variables in different forest ecosystems. In this study we describe the relationship between soil respiration rate, tree stand and humus chemical characteristics of boreal coniferous forests stands. Soil respiration rate was higher in pine dominated than in spruce dominated study sites when the result was calculated on dry matter bases. However, when calculated on area bases, the result was opposite and no difference was found when the soil respiration rate was calculated on organic carbon bases. Irrespective of the main tree species, the soil respiration rate was equal in different development classes but not equal in soil fertility classes, i.e. within forest site types based on differences in ground vegetation. Respiration rates were clearly higher in mesic sites when calculated on dry matter, C_org or area bases. However, soil respiration rate did not correlate with soil chemical variables indicating site fertility. Soil respiration rate on dry matter basis was at a lower level in the south and on more fertile sites, and on the other hand at a higher level in older stands and on sites with a thicker organic layer.     

传统村落旅游地乡愁的测度及其资源价值——以苏南传统村落为例

“记住乡愁”是乡村旅游和乡村振兴的重要内容。基于居民和游客视角,以苏南传统村落为案例地,开发传统村落旅游地乡愁量表,探讨乡愁的资源价值。结果表明:传统村落旅游地乡愁是一个综合概念,是特定人地关系的体现,是在一定时空条件下,乡愁主体、乡愁触点、乡愁载体、乡愁情感、乡愁愿景要素共同作用的结果,不仅仅是离乡的愁绪,思乡的记忆,也体现了一定的文化概念,是情感、记忆和文化的集合体;经过探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析,探讨并验证了传统村落旅游地乡愁的“文化—情感—记忆”三维度量表;主客乡愁之间存在一定差异:居民乡愁强度高于游客,居民情感维度均值最高,文化维度均值最低,游客文化维度均值最高,情感维度最低;乡愁有一定的资源价值,主要体现在情感联结价值、文化认同和传承价值、保护和开发价值三个方面。在此基础上提出了对策和建议。     

太原市大气PM2.5中水溶性离子的季节污染特征及来源分析

为探究当前空气质量持续改善背景下重污染地区大气PM_2.5和水溶性无机离子（WSⅡs）的污染特征和季节变化,于2019年在太原市采集了四季PM_2.5样品.结果表明,2019年太原市PM_2.5年均质量浓度为（65.50±30.44）μg·m^-3,水溶性离子浓度的季节特征为：冬季（39.81 μg·m^-3） > 秋季（33.05 μg·m^-3） > 春季（20.50 μg·m^-3） > 夏季（19.62 μg·m^-3）.WSⅡs以二次离子SNA为主,占总离子浓度的76.90%±10.51%,且随着PM_2.5污染加重,SNA的比重显著升高.其中,SO₄^2-和NO₃^-在秋、冬季的浓度最高,这与气态污染物排放增加和二次转化程度的升高（硫氧化率SOR>0.30,氮氧化率NOR>0.10）有关;NH₄⁺、Cl^-和K⁺在冬季的浓度最高,是其他季节的1.2~7.9倍,可能归因于冬季燃煤和生物质燃烧活动的增加;由于春季风速较高,受土壤扬尘的影响,Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺的比重在春季显著增加为20.2%.春季和夏季为贫氨状态,而秋、冬季为富氨状态,且硝酸盐颗粒物在高湿度条件下的吸湿增长比硫酸盐更为显著.太原市大气PM_2.5中水溶性离子主要来源于二次生成、燃煤、生物质燃烧和土壤扬尘.     

民宿价格的空间分异特征及影响因素——以湖北省恩施州为例

民宿区别于传统的酒店,其价格具有独特的空间分布特征和影响因素。以湖北省恩施土家族苗族自治州民宿价格为研究对象,基于克里金法和特征价格模型,使用网络抓取的途家网民宿数据,运用ArcGIS 10.5进行插值分析,总结恩施州民宿价格的空间分布特征,并运用SPSS 24进行多元回归分析,构建特征价格模型,分析影响恩施民宿价格的影响因素。研究表明：（1）恩施民宿价格集聚效应明显,呈现“一大两小”的三个价格高值区;（2）民宿内部环境对民宿价格影响最为显著,民宿消费者更加注重其体验感和融入感;（3）省道和景点对民宿价格影响显著,而国道影响较小;（4）不同经营主体对民宿定价有所不同,其中个人房东经营民宿,其定价水平较高。研究结果为民宿选址、定价、空间布局以及旅游体验服务等方面提供参考。     

基于在线监测的南京仙林PM2.5组分特征与来源解析

为了研究南京市PM_2.5的污染特征及来源贡献,于2018年3月至2019年2月在南京仙林地区进行PM_2.5组分的在线监测,运用PMF和CMB受体模型,开展PM_2.5的来源解析.结果表明,观测期间南京市PM_2.5平均质量浓度为54.3μg/m³,其中冬季平均浓度76.4μg/m³.PM_2.5的主要组分为NO₃^-（21.3%~30.8%）、SO₄^2-（18.9%~23.5%）、NH₄⁺（14.3%~16.2%）.从全年平均来看,PMF模型得到的PM_2.5解析结果为：二次无机气溶胶（54.9%）、燃煤源（17.4%）、二次有机气溶胶（7.4%）、机动车排放源（7.1%）、工业源（4.9%）、扬尘源（4.8%）、其他源（3.4%）;CMB模型得到的PM_2.5解析结果为：硝酸盐（33.0%）、硫酸盐（24.0%）、燃煤源（16.4%）、机动车排放源（8.4%）、二次有机气溶胶（7.1%）、扬尘源（5.7%）、其他源（2.9%）、工业源（2.4%）.不同季节PM_2.5来源有所差异,夏冬季二次无机气溶胶占比大于春秋季,春冬季燃煤占比最大,二次有机气溶胶在秋季占比最大.结合2017年南京市大气污染源排放清单,对二次气溶胶贡献进行再解析,得到南京仙林地区PM_2.5主要贡献来自燃煤源（PMF：34.14%,CMB：33.82%）,机动车排放源（PMF：27.33%,CMB：29.33%）以及工业源（PMF：26.76%,CMB：24.77%）.可见,影响南京仙林地区PM_2.5的污染源主要来自燃煤源、机动车排放源和工业源,基于在线组分监测、利用PMF和CMB模型得到的PM_2.5源解析结果具有较好的一致性.     

祁连山东端地表及地下水水化学时空变化特征

于2016~2017年5~9月采集祁连山东端（乌鞘岭、古浪、天祝）的地表水和地下水样品进行水化学分析,综合运用统计分析、Piper三线图、Gibbs图以及离子比值等方法探究了祁连山东端地表水和地下水主要离子组成特征、来源以及时空变化.结果表明,祁连山东端地表水和地下水化学组成中优势阳离子为Ca²⁺和Na⁺,Ca²⁺的平均浓度为76.897mg/L,占比73.89%;Na⁺的浓度为16.592mg/L,占比15.94%.优势阴离子为HCO₃^-和SO₄^2-,HCO₃^-浓度190.117mg/L,占比68.71%;其次是SO₄^2-,平均值为67.565mg/L,占比为24.42%.乌鞘岭河水、地下水,天祝河水、地下水的水化学类型为HCO₃^--Ca²⁺型,古浪河水、地下水水化学类型为HCO₃^--Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺型,处于水化学易变区.不同水体离子来源于岩石风化,主要受碳酸盐与硅酸盐风化溶解共同作用控制,人类活动在一定程度上贡献了水体的离子来源.不同水体主要离子浓度的时间变化特征各不相同,整体上大部分水体的离子浓度随时间变化不明显,总体趋势较平缓.     

国家运输支撑力下的陆上丝绸之路运输通道风险测算方法

丝绸之路运输通道风险测算可有效分析通道风险因素,为国际运输宏观政策制定及风险管控提供理论支撑。针对25个国家的7条运输通道,结合文献分析法获取国家运输节点风险的影响因素,利用因子分析法量化综合风险;基于运输通道风险构成机制结合多维度的不均衡指数构建国家运输支撑力下的运输通道风险测度模型。结果表明:北线和西1通道风险最小,南线通道风险最大;运输通道风险测度受国家数目、国家参与程度及其影响力及国家风险状态影响;各运输通道内部与通道间均存在风险不均衡现象。     

雨水口径流流量计量方法的研究及应用

针对雨水口及其他跌落水流的流量测量问题,提出一种基于动量变化率而测定来流冲击力的计量流量的方法。具体步骤是通过力传感装置和称重变送器将下落水流冲击力转化为电压信号,依据率定实验过程中电压值的变化,最终换算成雨水口径流流量。结果表明,应用该计量方法进行雨水口流量测量,其获得的流量精度较高,适应雨水口的流量变化,是一种计量雨水口流量的有效方法。