垃圾填埋场大气汞的浓度和形态

对贵阳市和武汉市的5座城市生活垃圾填埋场大气中的ρ(气态总汞)进行了测定,并分析了填埋场的大气活性气态汞、颗粒态汞、单甲基汞和二甲基汞的质量浓度分布. 结果表明:5座填埋场ρ(气态总汞)为1.6～473.7 ng/m3,不同采样点的平均值为8.5～155.7 ng/m3,最高值出现在填埋场的工作面及工作面下风向区域;而封闭填埋场或运行填埋场的覆土区的ρ(气态总汞)较低. 天气条件和垃圾处理活动均可影响ρ(气态总汞)水平. 贵阳高雁垃圾填埋场大气ρ(活性气态汞),ρ(颗粒态汞),ρ(单甲基汞)和ρ(二甲基汞)的平均值分别为37.4,255.3,12.4和12.7 pg/m3. 虽然不同形态汞的质量浓度明显高于全球背景值,但其产生的环境风险不大.      

一种新型旋风气幕式排风罩数值模拟研究

利用Fluent计算流体力学软件对新型旋风气幕式排风罩工作流场及有害物分布进行了数值模拟,并与传统排风罩进行了对比。结果表明:旋转射流屏蔽作用下的抽吸流场具有中部压力较低和提高抽吸能力的作用;新型旋风气幕式排风罩不仅能有效地控制有害物扩散,而且可以实现远距离捕集有害物及以较小的排风速度排放有害物。     

广州市室内尘土中多溴联苯醚的分布特点及来源

随机采集了广州市46个家庭和12个办公室内尘土样品,同时采集了17个室外尘土样品、2个电视机和2个电脑尘土样品并分析了室内尘土中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的含量、单体分布及来源.结果表明,家庭尘土中∑10PBDEs(BDE28,47,66,85,99,100,153,154,183,209之和)的含量为 564.3~9654ng/g,中值和均值分别为 2686,3407ng/g;办公室尘土中∑10PBDEs 的含量为 1737~4408ng/g,中值和均值分别为3133,3179ng/g.室内尘土中PBDEs的最主要单体为BDE209,分别占家庭尘土和办公室尘土∑10PBDEs的97.4%和99.0%.BDE47、99和183在室内尘土中含量也较高.大多数室内尘土中∑10PBDEs的含量高于室外,说明室内可能有重要的PBDEs释放源.室内尘土中PBDEs的主要工业品来源为十溴联苯醚,五溴联苯醚次之,八溴联苯醚较少.     

三江平原小叶章湿地土壤硫的组成与垂直分布

以三江平原小叶章湿地为对象,对比研究了典型草甸小叶章湿地和沼泽化草甸小叶章湿地土壤硫的组成与垂直分布特征.结果表明,在2种小叶章湿地类型中,土壤总硫含量分别为303.39～520.83和303.74～1 219.81 mg·kg-1,平均值为391.62和513.03 mg·kg-1,均低于世界平均土壤硫含量(700 mg·kg-1).硫主要富集在土壤表层,且主要以有机硫形式存在,有机硫占总硫比例约为90%,而在有机硫中,则以碳键硫所占比例最大,占总硫比例分别为45.34%和37.24%.沼泽化草甸小叶章湿地土壤各形态硫含量及其变异性均高于典型草甸小叶章湿地.在2种湿地土壤中各形态硫都具有明显的垂直分布特征和变异性.土壤有机质含量是影响硫含量的重要因素,同时也受到土壤各粒级含量的影响,并且土壤各形态硫含量之间存在一定的相关关系.     

三峡库区太阳能资源基本特征及其演变

利用1961-2007年的日照时数建模计算了三峡库区的太阳辐射,在此基础上对库区的太阳能资源作了全面分析和评价。结果表明：库区年总辐射量介于3200～4400MJ/m²,与德国等太阳能利用大国相当;“下游多,上游少”是资源空间分布的基本特征,且在秋、冬季差异更为明显;资源的年变化具有“夏大冬小”的特点,同时呈典型“双峰结构”,最大和次大峰值分别出现在8月和5月;库区上游太阳能季节差异大,而中、下游四季差异相对较小;库区太阳辐射以散射辐射为主（平均为64%）,上游尤其明显;1961-2007年,资源量与直射比均呈明显下降趋势,且在夏、冬季下降尤为显著,分析表明这与轻雾日数和霾日数的增加有关;自20世纪90年代初起,资源量开始回升,有利于库区太阳能的开发利用。     

Fluoride distribution in groundwater and survey of dental fluorosis among school children in the villages of the Jhajjar District of Haryana,India

Fluoride concentration of groundwater reserves occurs in many places in the world. A critical area for such contamination in India is alluvial soil of the plain region, consisting of five blocks (Jhajjar, Bahadurgarh, Beri, Matanhail, and Sahalawas) of the Jhajjar District adjacent to the National Capital Territory of India, New Delhi. The purpose of this study was to assess the association between water fluoride levels and prevalence of dental fluorosis among school children of the Jhajjar District of Haryana, India. The fluoride content in underground drinking water sources was found to vary in villages. Hence, the villages were categorized as high-fluoride villages (1.52–4.0 mg F/l) and low/normal-fluoride villages (0.30–1.0 mg F/l). The source of dental fluorosis data was school-going children (7–15 years) showing different stages and types of fluorosis who were permanent resident of these villages. The fraction of dental fluorosis-affected children varied from 30% to 94.85% in the high-fluoride villages and from 8.80% to 28.20% in the low/normal-fluoride villages. The results of the present study revealed that there existed a significant positive correlation between fluoride concentration in drinking water and dental fluorosis in high-fluoride villages (r = 0.508; p < 0.001) and insignificant correlation in low-fluoride villages.     

35kV并联电抗器工频电磁场分布特性研究

针对500kV变电站内产生较高工频磁场强度的电气设备——35kV并联电抗器,研究不同类型、不同排列方式下35kV并联电抗器周围工频电磁场分布规律。结果表明,35kV并联电抗器的电磁场强度随着离开电抗器中心距离的增加而降低,三角形排列的电抗器磁场强度大于水平排列的。     

湍球塔内气流分布优化的数值计算及试验

通过对湍球塔 (TCA)内三维流场的数值计算 ,找到了较佳的结构参数 ,在此基础上进行的试验表明 ,计算结果与试验结果相吻合。计算程序可为 TCA的设计及保证其长期安全经济运行提供理论依据。     

Formation characteristics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and coplanar PCBs in fly ash from a gasification–melting process of municipal solid waste

PCDDs/DF and Co-PCB (dioxin) formations were studied with ash from a newly developed gasification and melting process for municipal solid waste. Ash samples were heated in a laboratory-scale fixed-bed reactor. Emphasis was placed on the effects of the type and composition of ash, temperatures, gas residence time, and gaseous organic precursors. Investigations using macroscopic and homologue distribution analyses led to the following conclusion. The ash from the gasification–melting process had the ability to generate dioxins in flue gas. A possible carbon source is unburned carbon in the ash samples, although this was very low (less than 0.01%). An experimental result that the level of dioxins generated from preheated fly ash obtained from a conventional incinerator was much lower than that from nonheated fly ash supported this conclusion. Dioxin concentrations obviously showed temperature dependence and peaked at 350°C. Dioxins formed in a gasification–melting process ash were readily desorbed from the surface, probably because of the low carbon content of the ash. There was no experimental evidence that gaseous organic precursors fed to the reactor generated dioxins. Therefore, an organic precursor was not essential for the formation of dioxins. A good linear relationship obtained between PCDDs/DFs and gas residence time also supported the assumption. Received: February 14, 2000 / Accepted: June 30, 2000     

Regional Variability of Cd,Hg, Pb and C Concentrations in Different Horizons of Swedish Forest Soils

Contents of cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb) and carbon(C) in the O, B and C horizons of podzolized forest soils inSweden were surveyed. Concentrations and storage of Cd, Hg andPb in the O and B horizons were high in southern Sweden and gradually decreased towards the north, though with considerablelocal variability. This pattern reflects the influence of anthropogenic emissions of these metals, as well as the effectsof soil-forming processes. Parent till material, as representedby the C horizon concentration of the respective metal, accountedfor little of the variation in metal concentration in the O horizon. For Cd and Pb, the correlations were not significant orslightly negative (R² = 0.12 and 0.09 respectively) depending on region, while for Hg the correlation was not significant or slightly positive (R² = 0.03 and 0.08). Furthermore, parent till material accounted for more of the variation in metal concentrations in the B horizons in the northern part of Sweden than in the middle and southernmost parts, where the concentration of total carbon had more influence. The correlation between the metal concentrationsin the B and C horizon was strongest for Pb (R² = 0.63 and 0.36 in the two northernmost regions), lower for Cd (R² = 0.19 and 0.16) and not significant for Hg. For allsoil horizons, total C concentration accounted for much of thevariation in Hg concentration in particular (O-horizon R² = 0.15–0.69, B horizon R² = 0.36–0.50, C horizon R² = 0.23–0.50 and ns in one region). Ratios of metal concentrations between the B and C horizons were highest for Hg(maximum value of 30), indicating a relatively larger addition or retention of Hg compared to Cd and Pb (maximum value of 10)in the B horizon. This study indicate that factors other than parent material account for the large scale variation in O horizon concentrationsof metals but patterns correspond well with those of atmosphericdeposition of heavy metals and acidifying substances. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of soil organicmatter and the intensity of pedogenic processes for the content and distribution of metals throughout the soil horizons.