城市空气质量的EOF展开及其与气象因子的CCA分析——以南京市为例

以南京市城区夏季情况为例,利用1996—1998年SO2、NOx、TSP日平均浓度资料,从空气污染物超标率原始序列出发进行EOF(经验正交函数)展开,分析了南京市大气污染静态状况及动态演变特征。还采用各测站SO2浓度与同期气象资料进行CCA(典型相关分析)的方法,比较了各气象因子对污染物浓度的影响大小。     

广州市大气能见度的特征及其影响因子分析

广州市大气能见度逐年下降,灰霾现象严重,收集广州市2001—2003年大气能见度及同期地面气象要素(风速、温度、气压和相对湿度)观测资料和空气污染物(PM10、SO2、NO2和CO)监测数据,探讨广州市大气能见度的特征及大气能见度与气象要素和空气污染之间的关系。统计分析结果表明,广州市大气能见度的年、季、日变化特征明显,呈明显的逐年下降趋势。一年之中,春季能见度最低,夏季能见度最高。一日之中,早晨08时能见度最差,午后14时最好。能见度与气象要素及空气污染物的相关和偏相关分析结果表明能见度与平均风速呈显著正相关,与相对湿度呈显著负相关;能见度与4种污染物在简单相关分析中均呈显著的较强负相关关系,而在偏相关分析中的相关性极弱,说明空气污染物对能见度的影响是综合作用的。最后用多元线性回归法建立了大气能见度与相对湿度和PM10、SO2、NO2、CO等污染物浓度间的回归方程。     

伶仃洋水文特征与水质变化趋势分析

依据实测资料及有关文献资料研究伶仃洋水文特征，主要污染物入洋负荷量与水环境质量变化趋势。研究表明：伶仃洋受地形，径流，潮汐等的综合作用，水动力条件十分复杂，不同水域有不同的水文特征，伶仃洋水下地形滩槽相间，总趋势为西北高，东南低，西部以径流沉积为主，东部以潮流冲刷为主，伶仃洋盐度，含沙量和主要污染物含量的分布基本与水下地形 走势相吻合，伶仃洋水环境质量变化经历了四个过程，目前水环境质量较好，主要污染物是无机氮，基次是活性磷，氮磷富营养问题越来越突出。     

First assessment of the PM<Subscript>10</Subscript> and PM<Subscript>2.5</Subscript> particulate level in the ambient air of belgrade city

INTENTION, GOAL, SCOPE, BACKGROUND: As the strong negative health effect of exposure to the inhalable particulate matter PM10 in the urban environment has been confirmed, the study of the mass concentrations, physico-chemical characteristics, sources, as well as spatial and temporal variation of atmospheric aerosol particles becomes very important. OBJECTIVE: This work is a pilot study to assess the concentration level of ambient suspended particulate matter, with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 microm, in the Belgrade central urban area. Average daily concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 have been measured at three representative points in the city between June 2002 and December 2002. The influence of meteorological parameters on PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations was analyzed, and possible pollution sources were identified. METHODS: Suspended particles were collected on Pure Teflon filters by using a Mini-Vol low-volume air sampler (Airmetrics Co., Inc.; 5 l min(-1) flow rate). Particle mass was determined gravimetrically after 48 h of conditioning in a desiccator, in a Class 100 clean room at the temperature T = 20 degrees C and at about 50% constant relative humidity (RH). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Analysis of the PM10 data indicated a marked difference between season without heating--(summer; mean value 56 microg m(-3)) and heating season--(winter; mean value 96 microg m3); 62% of samples exceeded the level of 50 microg m(-3). The impact of meteorological factors on PM concentrations was not immediately apparent, but there was a significant negative correlation with the wind speed. CONCLUSIONS: The PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentrations in the Belgrade urban area had high average values (77 microg m(-3) and 61 microg m(-3)) in comparison with other European cities. The main sources of particulate matter were traffic emission, road dust resuspension, and individual heating emissions. When the air masses are coming from the SW direction, the contribution from the Obrenovac power plants is evident. During days of exceptionally severe pollution, in both summer and winter periods, high production of secondary aerosols occurred, as can be seen from an increase in PM2.5 in respect to PM10 mass concentration. RECOMMENDATION AND OUTLOOK: The results obtained gave us the first impression of the concentration level of particulate matter, with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 microm, in the Belgrade ambient air. Due to measured high PM mass concentrations, it is obvious that it would be very difficult to meet the EU standards (EEC 1999) by 2010. It is necessary to continue with PM10 and PM2.5 sampling; and after comprehensive analysis which includes the results of chemical and physical characterization of particles, we will be able to recommend effective control measures in order to improve air quality in Belgrade.     

水源水生物预处理反应器微生物学特征

处理微污染水源水的生物陶粒反应器中，细菌的数量分布具有一定的区域化特征，上层生物陶粒的细菌数量较中、下层生物陶粒的细菌数量分别高１～２个数量级。从生物陶粒反应器中分离出７２株细菌，其中最多的是假单胞菌属，占４４．６％，其次为克雷伯氏菌属细菌，占２ｌ．６％。另外还分离到芽孢杆菌属、不动细菌属、黄单胞菌属和邻单胞菌金的细菌。除芽孢杆菌属外，其它各属细菌生反应器中的分布特征是上层多，下层少。     

中国农业气象灾害对作物产量的影响

根据中国主要作物产量、受灾面积和气象条件等相关资料，详细分析了全国主要农业气象灾害的分布地区、季节特点及变化特征。结果表明：干旱、洪涝和冷冻害是影响作物产量的主要气象灾害，而各种灾害均有明显增加的趋势。旱灾是最严重的灾害，受灾面积是洪涝面积的2．3倍。分析了全国主要农业气象灾害对作物产量的严重影响，玉米和大豆产区主要是旱灾，早稻和晚稻产区主要是冷害和洪灾，一季稻和棉花产区主要是洪涝和旱灾，冬小麦和油菜产区的严重减产主要受冻害影响。     

试论长江中游沿岸地区区域环境特征与洪涝灾害

首先论述了长江中游沿岸地区的区域环境基本特征:①以平原为主体的层状地表结构;②亚热带季风气候;③河网密布,湖泊众多;④过渡性的土壤和植被。然后分析了该区洪涝灾害的概况,揭示了洪涝灾害的自然原因与人为影响。     

湖北省旱涝灾害的若干统计特征及对农业生产的影响

着重分析了湖北省４０多年来旱涝灾害的若干统计特征及其对农业生产的影响，指出了旱涝灾害的演变趋势，以及人类活动对灾害加剧的主导作用，为防、抗旱涝灾害提供参考。     

厦门市环境空气污染时空特征及其与气象因素相关分析

利用2014年3月—2015年2月厦门市18个监测站点实测数据,运用GIS技术、相关分析以及统计分析等方法,进行空气质量指数(AQI)及其污染因子的时空分析,结合厦门市土地利用分类专题图和主要重工业企业分布图进行厦门市环境空气质量状况污染源的分析.结果表明:厦门市首要污染物为PM10,其天数占全年的48%,PM2.5紧随其后占到36%;厦门市空气质量较好时间段主要集中在夏季,其中7月份是厦门市空气质量最好的月份,而厦门市秋冬两季的空气质量较差;AQI与温度相关系数达-0.813,具有极显著负相关性(p0.01),与气压相关系数达0.835,具有极显著正相关性(p0.01),而与风速和相对湿度气象因素相关性都不显著(p0.05);PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2、O3污染因子存在明显的空间分布差异,海沧区和集美区南部的空气污染比厦门其他地方明显更为严重;从土地利用图和主要重工业企业的分布图可以看出,污染最为严重的地区土地利用类型主要是建筑用地,而且这些地区还分布着许多钢铁厂和发电站.