水田中水稻、稗草和异型莎草甲烷排放的生物学特性

比较了生长于淹水田间的水稻、稗草和异型莎草甲烷排放的生物学特性。结果表明，三种植物的甲烷排放量次序为稗草＞水稻＞异型莎草，前两者的甲烷排放量分别为后者的１１倍和８．４倍。但这个次序刚好与这三种植物根系甲烷形成活性的次序相反。观察了三种植物甲烷排放的日周期变化。稗草和水稻根际土壤的产甲烷活性高于非根际土壤，而异型莎草的根际和非根际土壤的产甲烷活性之间无明显差异。还观察到稗草和水稻的叶鞘和茎杆连接节处的间隙是甲烷逸入大气的主要途径，而异型莎草则未见有可供甲烷排放的间隙与气孔。     

浅论稻田甲烷的产生和排放

目前的研究结果表明,我国稻田甲烷排放通量大约在7.8—60mg/m~2·h。稻田甲烷的排放包含着甲烷在水田土壤中的生成和从土壤向大气释放这样两个过程。前者是通过土壤中微生物活动分解复杂的有机物质,在渍水还原条件(氧化还原电位低于-200mv)下,由产甲烷菌最后转化形成甲烷;后者主要是通过水稻植株向大气释放,只有少量通过气泡或分子扩散从水田土壤通过田面水层向大气排放。显然,稻田甲烷的生成、排放是一个以生物学过程为中心,并与土壤环境、土表水层和大气环境的一些物理、化学条件密切相关的过程。土壤温度、pH值、水稻品种的生物学特性及稻田的水浆管理、施肥措施等等都会影响稻田甲烷的排放。只有研究并掌握稻田甲烷排放的机理及其影响因素,才能真正做到在争取水稻优质、高产的同时,抑制或减少甲烷的排放。     

The Kyoto Protocol and non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases and Carbon Sinks

Many trace constituents other than carbon dioxide affect the radiative budget of the atmosphere. The existing international agreement to limit greenhouse gases, the Kyoto Protocol, includes carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆) and credit for some carbon sinks. We investigate technological options for reducing emissions of these gases and the economic implications of including other greenhouse gases and sinks in the climate change control policy. We conduct an integreated assessment of costs using the MIT Emissions Prediction and Policy Analysis (EPPA) model combined with estimates of abatement costs for non-CO₂ greenhouse gases and sinks. We find that failure to take advantage of the other gas and sink flexibility would nearly double aggregate Annex B costs. Including all the GHGs and sinks is actually cheaper than if only CO₂ had been included in the Protocol and their inclusion achieves greater overall abatement. There remains considerable uncertainty in these estimates, the magnitude of the savings depends heavily on reference projections of emissions, for example, but these uncertainties do not change the overall conclusion that non-CO₂ GHGs are an important part of a climate control policy.     

甲烷为唯一电子供体驱动硝酸盐/亚硝酸生物还原及微生物群落结构分析

反硝化厌氧甲烷微生物生长缓慢、倍增时间长,难以在短时间内成功富集.为快速大量富集以甲烷为唯一电子供体的硝酸盐/亚硝酸盐还原微生物,选择甲烷通量适宜的中空纤维膜材料并设计高效无泡曝气膜生物膜反应器（MBfR）.在反应器运行初期,两个反应器分别手动添加200 mg·L^-1的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐,两个反应器进行闭合自循环的76 d内,均可在10 d内将200 mg·L^-1的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐完全去除.稳定后,200 mg·L^-1硝酸盐可在2 d之内全部还原,还原速率略快于亚硝酸盐.在MBfR运行第77~124 d,改为序批式生物反应器方式运行,两个反应器内反硝化速率均可达到50 mg·L^-1·d^-1,表明以甲烷为唯一电子供体驱动的反硝化微生物成功富集并挂膜.在微生物富集过程MBfR出水中均检出挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）,以硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐为电子受体的反应器最高VFAs含量分别可达948 mg·L^-1和997 mg·L^-1.高通量测序结果发现,以硝酸盐为电子受体的反应器内产酸菌Propionispora和Proteiniphilum的丰度可以达到39.1%和3.1%,而在以亚硝酸盐作为电子受体时,产酸菌Propionispora和Proteiniphilum丰度分别为80.9%和2.4%,是反应器内部的优势菌属.而异养反硝化菌Pseudomonas在两组微生物富集阶段均具有较高丰度.由此推测在本研究中甲烷为唯一电子供体驱动的硝酸盐/亚硝酸盐生物还原过程由VFAs作为中间产物介导完成.本研究结果可为推进污水脱氮技术的发展提供参考.     

Energy recovery from municipal solid waste in Nigeria and its economic and environmental implications

An assessment of potential biomass resources in Nigeria for the production of methane and power generation is presented in this paper. Nigeria, as an underdeveloped and populous country, needs an uninterrupted source of energy. The country's energy problems have crippled large sectors of the economy. The percentage of people connected to the national grid is 40%. These 40% experience electricity supply failure on average 10–12 hours daily. Energy generation from municipal solid waste (MSW) is an effective MSW management strategy. Yearly waste generation has increased from 6,471 gigagrams (Gg) in 1959 to 26,600 Gg in 2015. This amount is projected to reach 36,250 Gg per year by 2030. Methane emission for 2015 was 491 Gg, and it is projected to reach 669 Gg in 2030. These values translate to 3.48 × 10⁹ kilowatt hours (kWh) of electricity for 2015, with a projected 4.74 × 10⁹ kWh by 2030. The revenue to be derived from the electricity that is generated could have been US$365.04 × 10⁶ for 2015, and it is estimated that it will reach US$473.82 × 10⁶ by 2030. It was found that methane emissions from MSW increased with time, and capturing this gas for energy production will lead to a sustainable waste management.     

Biogas production from slaughterhouse wastewaters and use of biofertilizer obtained for biodegradation of aromatic hydrocarbons

The anaerobic digestion of industrial wastes produces a biogas that is an alternative to the use of fossil fuels for energy production. At the end of this process, the stabilized biomass presents high levels of nutrients, which can be used both as biofertilizers in agriculture and for the biodegradation of contaminants in the soil through improvement of the microbiota. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate biogas production by industrial wastes and to use the biofertilizer for the bioremediation of soils previously contaminated with gasoline. The biomass (420 mL) generated approximately 10 liters (L) of methane and 3 L of other gases. Anaerobic incubation reduced total and volatile solids, as well as biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and the carbon and nitrogen contents of the biomass. The bioremediation experiment showed that 15 days after contamination with gasoline, the addition of the biofertilizer improved the degradation efficiency of monoaromatic hydrocarbons; however, the degradation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons was less time efficient. So, we conclude that the anaerobic incubation of industrial wastes generates a high amount of biogas, and that biofertilizer deposition into contaminated soil does not affect the efficiency of the degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons after 30 days. Novelty or significance : Anaerobic incubation of industrial wastes generates a high calorific value gas, which can be used as an alternative source of energy. And, the resulting biomass, called biofertilizer, can be used to remediate soils contaminated with hydrocarbons.     

阴、阳离子影响离子液体溶解甲烷性能的研究进展

煤矿抽采出的低浓度瓦斯直接排空不仅浪费清洁能源而且加剧温室效应。离子液体(IL)是近年来用于气体分离的热点研究对象。综述了利用IL分离气体,特别在溶解CH_4气体方面的研究进展,归纳了具有高效溶解CH4能力的IL结构特征,以及阴阳离子对IL溶解CH_4的影响规律。分析结果表明CH_4在大部分ILs中的溶解度较小;与咪唑类ILs相比,阴离子为[FAP]~-、[doc]~-、[Tf_2N]~-、[TMPP]~-,阳离子取代链为长烷烃的季膦类和季胺类ILs具有更强的溶解CH_4的能力。特别是[P4444][TMPP]和[P(14)666][TMPP]对CH_4表现出优越的溶解性,可考虑用这2种ILs存储CH_4。至于两者能否用于浓缩CH_4,还需实验测试[P4444][TMPP]和[P(14)666][TMPP]溶解CO_2和N_2的情况,以及对溶解过程的影响。     

碳交易促进宁夏煤层气综合利用的研究

碳交易为煤层气利用提供了一条重要的市场化融资渠道。目前国际、国内碳市场均只有1个方法学适用于煤层气利用项目。我国共注册了84个煤层气利用CDM项目,年减排量3 577万t(CO_2当量),已有40个项目获得了3 767万t(CO_2当量)减排量的签发,山西占最大比例。宁夏有4座煤层气发电站开展了碳交易工作,其中3个CDM项目实现了134.1万t(CO_2当量)交易。建议依托国际、国内碳市场,从加强政府引导、整体规划布局、探索规划类碳交易等4个方面促进宁夏煤层气的利用。     

Methane Emission Estimates from Landfills Obtained with Dynamic Plume Measurements

Methane emissions from 3 different landfills inthe Netherlands were estimated using a mobileTuneable Diode Laser system (TDL). The methaneconcentration in the cross section of the plumeis measured downwind of the source on a transectperpendicular to the wind direction. A gaussianplume model was used to simulate theconcentration levels at the transect. Theemission from the source is calculated from themeasured and modelled concentration levels.Calibration of the plume dispersion model isdone using a tracer (N₂O) that is releasedfrom the landfill and measured simultaneouslywith the TDL system. The emission estimates forthe different locations ranged from 3.6 to 16 m³ ha^-1 hr^-1 for the differentsites. The emission levels were compared toemission estimates based on the landfill gasproduction models. This comparison suggestsoxidation rates that are up to 50% in springand negligible in November. At one of the threesites measurements were performed in campaignsin 3 consecutive years. Comparison of theemission levels in the first and second yearshowed a reduction of the methane emission ofabout 50% due to implementation of a gasextraction system. From the second to the thirdyear emissions increased by a factor of 4 due tonew landfilling. Furthermore measurements wereperformed in winter when oxidation efficiencywas reduced. This paper describes themeasurement technique used, and discusses theresults of the experimental sessions that were performed.     

土壤水分管理对甲烷和氧化亚氮排放的影响

为控制农田温室气体排放的途径提供依据,通过实验室培养的方法测定了不同水分管理条件下CH4和N2O的排放,干旱处理（60％-70％WFP）和长期淹水土样在施肥后的Eh变化。最终得出：稻田CH4和N2O排放之间存在着互为消长的关系（R2=0．609）,CH4和N2O的排放是水肥共同作用的结果,水分管理通过Eh来影响气体排放,有机质是造成前后期排放浓度差异的主要原因。