Mass,energy and material balances of SRF production process. Part 2: SRF produced from construction and demolition waste

In this work, the fraction of construction and demolition waste (C&D waste) complicated and economically not feasible to sort out for recycling purposes is used to produce solid recovered fuel (SRF) through mechanical treatment (MT). The paper presents the mass, energy and material balances of this SRF production process. All the process streams (input and output) produced in MT waste sorting plant to produce SRF from C&D waste are sampled and treated according to CEN standard methods for SRF. Proximate and ultimate analysis of these streams is performed and their composition is determined. Based on this analysis and composition of process streams their mass, energy and material balances are established for SRF production process. By mass balance means the overall mass flow of input waste material stream in the various output streams and material balances mean the mass flow of components of input waste material stream (such as paper and cardboard, wood, plastic (soft), plastic (hard), textile and rubber) in the various output streams of SRF production process. The results from mass balance of SRF production process showed that of the total input C&D waste material to MT waste sorting plant, 44% was recovered in the form of SRF, 5% as ferrous metal, 1% as non-ferrous metal, and 28% was sorted out as fine fraction, 18% as reject material and 4% as heavy fraction. The energy balance of this SRF production process showed that of the total input energy content of C&D waste material to MT waste sorting plant, 74% was recovered in the form of SRF, 16% belonged to the reject material and rest 10% belonged to the streams of fine fraction and heavy fraction. From the material balances of this process, mass fractions of plastic (soft), paper and cardboard, wood and plastic (hard) recovered in the SRF stream were 84%, 82%, 72% and 68% respectively of their input masses to MT plant. A high mass fraction of plastic (PVC) and rubber material was found in the reject material stream. Streams of heavy fraction and fine fraction mainly contained non-combustible material (such as stone/rock, sand particles and gypsum material).     

铁氰化钾对双室微生物燃料电池曝气阴极性能的改善

为研究铁氰化钾对双室微生物燃料电池(MFC)阴极性能的改善效果,以碳毡和碳棒作为复合电极材料,乙酸钠为阳极电子供体,分别以氧气、铁氰化钾和氧气交替作为阴极电子受体.通过测定使用铁氰化钾作阴极电极液之前和之后的曝气阴极MFC的功率密度及极化曲线,比较曝气阴极MFC的内阻、开路电压(OCV)和最大输出功率的变化情况.实验结果表明,当以铁氰化钾作为MFC阴极电子受体时,MFC的内阻、开路电压和最大输出功率分别为24.2 Ω、744.2 mV和33.7 W/m3.曝气阴极MFC在采用铁氰化钾作电极液对阴极性能进行改善之前和改善之后的内阻由77.2 Ω降低到40.1Ω,OCV和最大输出功率分别由517.9 mV和2.1 W/m3提高到558.2 mV和4.4 W/m3.研究表明,铁氰化钾本身不仅具有优良的接受电子的能力,而且对电极材料(碳毡和碳棒)的电化学性能具有明显的改善作用,使得使用铁氰化钾之后的曝气阴极MFC的产电性能有了明显且持久性的提高.     

Combustion features under different center of heat release of a diesel engine using dimethyl carbonate/diesel blend

Experiments were performed in a single cylinder common-rail diesel engine that adopts a low temperature premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) mode. Combustion features of dimethyl carbonate (DMC)-diesel blends under various centers of heat release (COHRs) were revealed in details. With retarding of COHR, all the peaks of pressure and pressure rise rate and bulk gas temperature are postponed and declined in sequence. Normally, the crank angle of peak pressure is quite close to the COHR, while the peak of bulk gas temperature appears about 7°CA after COHR as a rule. The prolongation can be demonstrated at every stage of combustion such as q₁₀ and q₉₀ with the COHR being put backward. In addition, the heat release of diesel is completely slower than that of D10 fuel at various stages. Unfortunately, retarding of COHR implies a declining thermal efficiency of engines as well as a higher cyclic variation in general. Nevertheless, D10 blend has higher thermal efficiency than diesel thanks to high oxygen content of DMC and low boiling point that prompts better fuel atomization and complete combustion. Meanwhile, the cyclical variation of D10 is greater than diesel fuel owing to the low heat value, high latent heat of vaporization, and poor flammability of DMC. As a total, a comprehensive understanding of PCCI combustion features under different COHRs can be conducive to conducting effective management of combustion process and manipulating the subsequent emission performance to a favorable level.     

土壤水分胁迫对花生籽仁矿质元素含量的影响

选用我国北方地区近年来选育或推广应用的29个花生品种（系）,采用全生育期内人工控水盆栽试验,设置正常供水（控制整个生育期土壤含水量为田间持水量的75%~80%）和中度干旱胁迫（控制土壤含水量为田间持水量的45%~50%）2个水分处理。收获后分析籽仁中铁、锌、锰、铝、镉等微量元素和钙、镁、钾、磷、氮等主要矿物质元素含量。结果表明,花生籽仁中铅、铬含量极低,未能检测出;品种间各微量和其他矿质元素含量均存在明显差异,微量元素中,铝平均含量最高,锰含量最低,铁和锌含量居中。干旱使花生籽仁中除铝之外的铁、锌、镉、锰微量元素含量显著增加,尤其是铁,其含量是浇水条件下的2.9倍,其次是镉,为浇水条件下的2.4倍,锌也达1.6倍;但干旱使籽仁中钙、镁含量降低,氮、磷、钾3元素的变化不大,两处理间差异不明显;两处理中除锌元素外其余矿质元素含量间的相关系数间均呈显著或极显著相关关系,镁、锰和镉三元素间的相关系数最大,均在0.95以上,钙次之,磷最小。表明土壤干旱可提高花生籽仁中铁、锌、镉、锰微量元素含量,且微量矿质元素协同效应明显;土壤湿润降低花生籽仁中磷、钾元素与其他矿质元素间的相关关系。     

外阻对污泥微生物燃料电池产电以及有机物降解的影响

重点考察了不同外阻（10、150和1 000Ω）对污泥微生物燃料电池（sludge microbial fuel cell,SMFC）产电性能及有机物去除速率的影响。结果表明,外阻对电池产电和有机物降解有显著影响,低电阻有利于电流产生及有机物消耗。当外阻为10Ω时,输出电流最高（4.2 mA）,且污泥溶解性化学需氧量（SCOD）去除速率最快（53 mg.d-1）。DGGE图谱显示,不同外阻导致阳极微生物菌落结构有明显差异;CV扫描发现外阻对生物膜氧化还原能力有显著影响,低电阻下运行的阳极生物膜氧化还原活性较强。本研究为理解外阻与阳极生物膜间的关系提供一条有益线索,也为MFC性能提高提供一条可操作性的途径。     

在用柴油车排气检测中发动机转速监控技术

通过对柴油车自由加速检测方法的实际操作行为进行控制,探索发动机转速测量自动控制技术,消除人为因素对检测结果的影响,同时通过计算机对检测过程数据进行监控,规范检测行为,提高检测准确性.     

国六柴油机DPF再生时VOCs排放特性

颗粒物捕集器(DPF)是柴油机满足国六排放标准的必备装置之一.经台架实验证明,氧化型催化转化器(DOC)辅助DPF再生过程中挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放会大幅度升高,而2014年制定的《道路机动车大气污染物排放清单编制技术指南》并未考虑到DPF再生过程对VOCs排放的影响.通过台架实验,采集国六柴油机DPF再生过程的尾气,并用气相色谱质谱技术对尾气中的VOCs进行定量分析.结果表明,国六柴油机DPF再生过程中VOCs排放有显著增加,DPF再生阶段排放的VOCs总量是不再生时的4倍,增排量为2 419. 6μg·m~(-3),且DPF再生所排放的VOCs中,烷烃的含量最高,其次为芳香烃、醛酮和烯烃,分别占总排放VOCs的42. 5%、29. 7%、24. 9%和2. 9%;用臭氧和二次有机气凝胶生成潜势对增排VOCs的大气活性进行评价,发现DPF再生过程中增排的VOCs对环境的影响显著,由增排的VOCs所生成的臭氧和二次有机气溶胶分别为4 272. 8μg·m~(-3)和9. 0μg·m~(-3),其中芳香烃和烷烃对臭氧和二次有机气溶胶生成潜势的贡献率相对较高.因此,在计算柴油车VOCs排放因子时,应考虑DPF再生的影响;且该国六柴油机DPF再生时的VOCs排放因子为1. 03 mg·(k W·h)~(-1),可为制定国六标准柴油车VOCs排放因子提供参考.     

生物表面活性剂强化剩余污泥微生物燃料电池产电特性研究

以剩余污泥为接种液和基质,探讨了添加生物表面活性剂(鼠李糖脂/TSS,0.3 g·g-1)对单室剩余污泥微生物燃料电池(SSMFC)产电特性及剩余污泥减量化的影响.结果表明,在一个运行周期中,对照组的产电周期为20 d,最大功率密度为236.8 mW·m-2,库仑效率为5.7%,TCOD去除率为28.6%,TSS去除率为28.9%,VSS去除率为33.4%,而实验组产电周期达到35 d,库伦效率为11.8%,最大输出功率密度为516.7 mW·m-2,较对照组增加了118.2%,TCOD、TSS、VSS去除率分别为58.5%、56.7%和66.3%,较对照组分别提高了104.5%、96.2%和98.5%.随着系统的运行,对照组和实验组系统输出电压均是先稳定一段时间后逐渐降低,污泥中SCOD、蛋白质和溶解性糖浓度均呈先上升再下降趋势.采用向剩余污泥中投加鼠李糖脂的方法可以增强SSMFC的产电效率,同时能显著增强剩余污泥减量化效果.     

铜离子对双室微生物燃料电池电能输出的影响研究

通过分别或同时向阳极室和阴极室添加Cu2+,借助铜在体系中的分布解析,研究了Cu2+对体系内阻及其分布、电能输出、库仑效率等的影响,以期为微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)处理含铜废水的相关研究提供有益参考.结果表明,阳极添加10 mg·L-1的Cu2+会增大体系阳极反应的活化内阻及总体表观内阻,降低体系的电能输出和库仑效率,而阴极添加500 mg·L-1的Cu2+可显著降低阴极反应的活化内阻及总体表观内阻,提高体系产电效率.铜在体系中分布的研究表明,阳极室Cu2+不会向阴极室迁移扩散;当阴极添加Cu2+时,大部分被还原沉淀,另一部分因浓度梯度透过质子交换膜(proton exchange membrane,PEM)迁移扩散至阳极室(2.8%),影响产电微生物活性及系统的电能输出,仅有少部分Cu2+残留于阴极上清液中.     

电极活性菌分离过程中微生物群落结构动态特征解析

为探讨培养过程对微生物的选择性作用及电极活性菌在生物膜中的功能地位,采用亨氏厌氧滚管稀释培养技术,以氧化铁为指征,自微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)阳极生物膜中分离电极活性微生物,并对纯菌分离过程中微生物群落结构动态特征进行跟踪监测.结果表明,以乳酸、乙酸和甾体药物生产废水为底物的MFC最高电压分别可达0.57、0.60和0.40 V.种泥以及乳酸、乙酸为底物的阳极膜分离出的优势菌种均为变形杆菌,而甾体废水为底物的阳极膜分离出的优势菌包含变形杆菌、厚壁菌和拟杆菌,种类丰富.经过富集培养最终分离获得2株电极活性菌,16S rDNA测序鉴定为路德维希肠杆菌(Enterobacter ludwigii)和弗氏柠檬酸杆菌(Citrobacter freundii).以乳酸为底物,两株纯菌可分别获得0.10V和0.17 V的最大电压.该研究表明,应用氧化铁为指征的厌氧梯度稀释培养技术可分离到电极活性微生物,但由于分离过程的选择作用,微生物群落结构动态变化特征显著.