Channel adjustments to the removal of log steps: an experiment in a mountain stream

Fallen trees and their large debris often form log steps in small mountain streams, where they are incorporated into the hydraulic geometry. The hypothesis here was that these log steps take the place of gravel bars that otherwise would have been required for channel slope adjustment. In this experiment, the treated as well as the control stream were located in virgin mixed conifer forests and until the study began, no human activity had interfered with the natural developments. All log steps were removed from a stream and the formation of new log steps was prohibited by periodic removal of fallen trees and branches. Five years later, 74% of all removed log steps had been replaced by gravel bars, thus proving the hypothesis that increased bedload movement was required to offset the loss of log steps. Implications are that streamside forests should be managed so that they can provide a steady supply of debris for channel stability.     

Natural vs. plantation forests: A case study of land reclamation strategies for the humid tropics

Biomass and productivity were compared in two plantations and in one stand of natural regeneration on similar sites in a premontane moist forest region of Puerto Rico. While initial growth rates of plantation species were higher, after four decades productivity of the natural regeneration plots was equal to or greater than productivity of the plantations. For the first 44 years, aboveground biomass of natural regeneration increased at an average annual rate of 3.8t·ha^–1·yr^–1, but the last year of the study it was 14.7t·ha^–1. Biomass increment of a pine plantation averaged between 8 and 10.5t·ha^–1·yr^–1 except for one year when the rate was much lower, possibly because of hurricane damage. A tropical hardwood plantation averaged close to 4t·ha^–1·yr^–1 for 41 years. It is suggested that in countries where funds for land reclamation are limited, intensive plantations may not always be the best strategy. Natural regeneration or shelterbelt plantations may be suitable alternatives.     

AN APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING TO WATER RESOURCES PLANNING: AN ECONOMIC VIEW1

ABSTRACT: Individuals involved in state water resource planning generally have avoided any development of a comprehensive public water planning investment model that would set the stage for quantitative recommendations of a “what ought to be” tone for future water strategies. Three New Hampshire towns were selected to illustrate the usefulness of a mixed integer multiperiod programming model that utilizes hydrologic and economic data for identifying the discounted least cost of water supply, distribution, and scheduling. Comparisons are made regarding the feasibility of a regional water system approach versus independent “town by town” water supplies that presently prevail. To analyze the sensitivity of optimal water planning solutions to projected water demands, variations in these demands are made.     

关于河流纳污混合水质概率稀释模型及其应用研究

本文以淮河干流上游息县和维滨两个城关纳污河段为例，根据扩散理论和概率学理论，尝试建立了河流纳污混合水质浓度概率稀释模型。并研究确定了概率稀释模型在河流污染控制中的应用方法和技术路线。与实测结果比较，概率稀释模型方法计算更具有准确性和科学合理性．对水质评价和规划河流污染治理方案具有重要指导意义，对实现淮河水质返清目标有积极贡献。     

Forest-Climate Interactions in the Quetico-Superior Ecotone (Northwest Ontario and Northern Minnesota)

Acute ecological changes in North American boreal forests in this century are attributed to an array of factors including human activities. In the Quetico-Superior Ecotone of Northwest Ontario and Northern Minnesota warmer, drier climate conditions since mid-century have concurred with extensive manipulation of regional forests by fire suppression and clear-cut logging. Predicted effects of climate changes expected for the next century could compete with transformations in these systems over the past 10 000 yr. The degree of alteration of natural processes and patterns in North American boreal forests requires implementation of realistic strategies to ensure that sufficiently large tracts of these systems maintain their natural integrity.     

Modified Whittaker plots as an assessment and monitoring tool for vegetation in a lowland tropical rainforest

Resource exploitation in lowland tropical forests is increasingand causing loss of biodiversity. Effective evaluation and management of the impacts of development on tropical forests requires appropriate assessment and monitoring tools. We proposethe use of 0.1-ha multi-scale, modified Whittaker plots (MWPs) to assess and monitor vegetation in lowland tropical rainforests.We established MWPs at 4 sites to: (1) describe and comparecomposition and structure of the sites using MWPs, (2) compare these results to those of 1-ha permanent vegetation plots (BDPs),and (3) evaluate the ability of MWPs to detect changes in populations (statistical power). We recorded more than 400 species at each site. Species composition among the sites was distinctive, while mean abundance and basal area was similar. Comparisons between MWPs and BDPs show that they record similarspecies composition and abundance and that both perform equallywell at detecting rare species. However, MWPs tend to record morespecies, and power analysis studies show that MWPs were more effective at detecting changes in the mean number of species of trees 10 cm in diameter at breast height (dbh) and in herbaceous plants. Ten MWPs were sufficient to detect a change of 11% in the mean number of herb species, and they were able to detect a 14% change in the mean number of species of trees 10 cm dbh. The value of MWPs for assessment and monitoringis discussed, along with recommendations for improving the sampling design to increase power.     

Effect of lanthanum loading on nanosized CeO2-ZnO solid catalysts supported on cordierite for diesel soot oxidation

We report the application of a solid lanthanum–ceria–zinc catalyst in the catalytic regeneration of diesel particulate filters(DPF) in diesel engines.We synthesized a CeO_2–ZnO–La_2O_3(Ce–Zn–La) mixed oxide by a lactic acid-mediated sol–gel method,which efficiently coated cordierite substrates for soot capture and combustion.We studied the effects of La loading on the physicochemical and catalytic properties of Ce–Zn mixed oxide during lowtemperature soot combustion processes.We characterized the synthesized catalysts by X-ray diffraction(XRD),Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),N2 adsorption,Raman spectroscopy,oxygen storage capacity(OSC),and scanning and transmission electron microscopy(SEM and TEM).Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis(TGA/DTA)confirmed that the catalysts effectively reduced the soot oxidation temperature.The ternary Ce–Zn–La mixed oxide catalyst with Ce/Zn/La atomic ratio of 2:1:0.5 had the highest catalytic activity and promoted soot oxidation at temperatures below 390°C.This indicated that the large number of oxygen vacancies in the catalyst structure generated oxygen species at low temperatures.Raman spectroscopy measurements revealed the presence of oxygen vacancies and lattice defects in Ce–Zn–La samples,which were key parameters concerning the stability and redox properties of the prepared catalysts.     

混合嗜酸菌浸出污泥中重金属机制判定方法

为判断混合菌种的生物沥浸机制,采用添加沥浸混合菌种+作用底物（硫酸亚铁铵、硫粉）、只添加作用底物和仅加硫酸3组实验,估算直接氧化作用（F₁₁）,化学氧化作用（F₁₂）和酸性浸出作用（F₁₃）的贡献率,从而获得混合菌种的重金属浸出机制.针对某污水处理厂剩余污泥的生物沥滤实验结果表明,Cu的浸出过程中F₁₁、F₁₂、F₁₃贡献率分别为92.55%、7.45%、0%,说明混合菌种作用下Cu的浸出机制主要为直接机制;Zn的沥浸作用中F₁₁、F₁₂、F₁₃贡献率分别为18.86%、44.35%、36.79%,判定Zn在混合菌种的作用下为间接机制.该法可在实际环境条件下判定重金属的生物沥浸机制,对相关研究和实际应用提供理论依据.     

含油污泥石油烃在生物强化堆肥处理中降解特性研究

为提高含油污泥的生物降解效率,通过混合菌剂强化堆肥法处理含油污泥的小试试验,采用GC-MS图谱分析技术对石油烃中正构烷烃、藿烷、甾烷的降解规律进行分析.结果表明:7%的油泥经微生物强化堆肥处理49 d后降解率在85%以上.石油烃中3种系列的降解难易顺序为正构烷烃>藿烷>甾烷,从降解规律来看,微生物降油复合菌剂对高碳数正构烷烃的平均降解率（75.55%）大于对低碳数正构烷烃的平均降解率（62.98%）,说明总石油烃中降解率最大的是正构烷烃.微生物降油复合菌剂对藿烷的降解率在90%以上,其对22S-31,32,33,34-四升藿烷的降解率最高.微生物降油复合菌剂能够促进孕甾烷的转化,且对重排甾烷的降解效果较明显,对甾烷类化合物中4-甲基-24-乙基-胆甾烷的降解效果最好.微生物降油复合菌剂对正构烷烃的奇偶碳降解优势不明显;藿烷的立体构型转化参数大于甾烷的立体构型转化参数,这也解释了藿烷的降解易于甾烷的原因.研究显示,微生物降油复合菌剂对石油烃中正构烷烃、藿烷、甾烷的降解效果均较好.      

高分子复混溶胀胶体材料防治半前进式工作面煤炭自燃技术的研究

高分子复混溶胀胶体材料具有固水性强、脱水缓慢、脱水后遇水可再生、与煤粘附性强、能形成焦化层、流动性和渗透性好及无毒、无味、无腐蚀、高温无烟等特性。长期以来 ,半前进式工作面防治煤炭自燃技术措施中 ,一直未采用高分子复混溶胀胶体材料。徐州矿务集团公司张集矿在自燃煤层的 74 2 3工作面半前进式开采中 ,采用了高分子复混溶胀胶体材料封堵沿空留巷漏风、喷洒覆盖采空区遗煤、封闭联络巷道等为主的综合防灭火技术与措施 ,取得了良好的效果 ,采空区漏风率降到 4 .35 % ,工作面开采期间杜绝了煤炭自燃隐患的出现 ,因此 ,高分子复混溶胀胶体材料防治半前进式工作面煤炭自燃技术是成功的