四川桤柏混交林土壤N2O排放的实测与模拟

采用静态箱-气相色谱法对川中丘陵区桤柏混交林土壤N2O排放进行了连续两年的测定.通过与Forest-DNDC模型模拟进行对比分析,结果表明,模型能够较好地模拟林地土壤N2O排放.2005和2006年模型模拟的土壤N2O年平均排放速率为15.02,14.03mg/(m2×h),分别为实际观测值的85.7%和87.5%.2005和2006年的实际观测值与模型模拟值之间差异均不显著(P>0.05),模拟有效系数分别为0.56和0.51.以2005年降雨量和气温为基准利用模型进行情景分析,结果表明,本地区降雨量在±30%范围内变化时,林地土壤N2O排放量的变化幅度不超过25%;气温在±3℃范围内变化时,林地土壤N2O排放量的变化幅度不超过10%.     

不同C/N值下亚硝酸盐氧化菌和异养菌混合体系的微生物多样性

采用PCR-RFLP技术研究了不同C/N比下亚硝酸盐氧化菌及异养菌混合体系的微牛物多样性,并探讨了微生物菌群结构与其功能(硝化件能)的关系.C/N=0时,混合体系主要由自养菌和寡营养菌(85.1%)组成,包括亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)、拟杆菌门、α-变形菌纲、浮霉菌门和绿色非硫细菌中的一些菌株.C/N=0.44时,混合体系中的自养菌减少,异养菌(主要是γ-变形菌纲的成员)大量出现.C/N=8.82时,γ-变形菌纲的菌株尤其是反硝化菌Pseudomonas sp.占主导(93.8%),与此同时,随着C/N升高,该混合体系的硝化性能也由专一的亚硝酸盐氧化过程转变为同时硝化反硝化过程.微生物菌群结构的转变较好地解释了其硝化性能的改变.本研究揭示了微生物菌群结构与其功能的内在联系,同时表明PCR-RFLP技术与化学分析相结合是研究微生物菌群结构与功能的有力工具.图3表2参13     

Spatial and seasonal variations in bacterial communities of the Yellow Sea by T-RFLP analysis

Four typical coastal sites (rocky shore, sandy shore, mud flat shore, and artificial harbor) at the Yellow Sea were chosen to investigate the spatial and seasonal variations in bacterial communities. This was accomplished by using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of PCR amplified 16S rDNA fragments. Two kinds of tetrameric restriction enzymes, HhaI and MspI, were used in the experiment to depict the bacterial community diversity in different marine environments. It was found that the community compositions digested by the two enzymes separately were different. However, the results of bacterial community diversity derived from them were similar. The MDA analysis results of T-RFLP profiles coming from HhaI and MspI both exhibited a significant seasonal community shift for bacteria and a relatively low spatial variation among the four locations. With HhaI as the sample, the pair wise T-tests also revealed that variations were minor between each pair of marine environments, with R ranging from 0.198 to 0.349. However, the bacterial community structure in the mud flat site depicted a larger difference than each of the other three sites (R ranging from 0.282 to 0.349).     

混合型污水处理厂原位生物强化脱氮中试及微生物群落结构分析研究

针对混合型污水处理厂进水水质波动大、C/N低、总氮稳定达标困难等共性问题,开发出适宜于低C/N、贫营养等苛刻环境条件的高效脱氮菌剂.现场中试结果表明:经过脱氮菌强化后,生化系统脱氮效率提升8.5百分点,出水平均总氮较强化前下降3 mg/L,出水水质稳定性明显提升,生物强化效果显著.在不补加碳源条件下,深度处理出水总氮完...     

重金属铅、镉对矮小拟丽突线虫（Acrobeloides nanus）的亚急性毒性作用

为了探讨重金属Pb、Cd对矮小拟丽突线虫(Acrobeloides nanus)的亚急性毒性作用,采用室内培养的方法,研究了不同浓度Pb和Cd对矮小拟丽突线虫生长发育、繁殖的影响,并对线虫世代间的毒性效应进行了比较.结果表明,1)与对照组相比,各暴露组当代(P0)和后代(F1)线虫平均体长均显著降低(p<0.05,p<0.01);随着重金属浓度的增加,当代(P0)和后代(F1)线虫平均体长呈现逐渐降低的趋势.2)随着Pb、Cd暴露浓度的增加,线虫产卵数逐渐降低;Pb对线虫产卵数的72h-EC20、EC10分别为17.41、4.36mg·L-1,Cd对线虫产卵数的72h-EC50、EC20和EC10分别为4.47、0.91和0.53mg·L-1.以上结果表明,重金属Pb、Cd暴露可显著抑制矮小拟丽突线虫的生长发育、繁殖;线虫体长、产卵数具有明显的重金属浓度依赖性。     

不同环境条件下偶氮染料酸性大红GR的生物降解性能

为了考察不同环境条件下偶氮染料酸性大红GR生物降解性能,采用已驯化的混合菌群作为接种液进行偶氮染料酸性大红GR脱色试验。结果表明,微氧条件下(静置敞口培养),偶氮染料酸性大红GR脱色效果最佳,染料脱色主要发生在菌体的对数生长期。混合菌群对pH、温度适应范围较广,pH为3.32~9.18,温度在20℃~37℃范围内均可以获得较好脱色效果,脱色率均在80%以上。微氧条件下酸性大红GR降解历程表明,偶氮基整个共轭系统被破坏,生成了一种新的结构,使原有的某些精细结构在二阶导数光谱中得以表现,由此探讨其生物降解机理。     

福建省长汀县植被覆盖度遥感动态监测研究

遥感估算植被覆盖度的关键在于:一是植被指数的选择,二是植被指数转换方法。针对中国南方多山的特点,论文提出了能较好地削弱影像中山体阴影、土壤背景、岩石、建筑用地等地物对植被覆盖度信息干扰的复合植被指数V BSI;在植被指数转换方法上,采用混合像元法,对福建省长汀县1994年和2003年的遥感影像进行了植被覆盖度的估算。研究结果表明:采用VBSI进行植被覆盖度的估算,影像阴影信息的干扰作用可以被削减为NDV I的50%,基于VBSI的混合像元法估算植被覆盖度的总体精度达到80%以上;动态监测表明,从1994至2003年研究区高植被覆盖面积增加了150.47km₂,占国土面积的比例提高了4.9个百分点,据调查,这与近年来长汀县加大水土流失治理力度有着重要关系。     

过去20年气候变暖对我国冬季采暖气候条件与能源需求的影响

20世纪80年代中期以来,我国气候变暖,尤其是90年代中期以来的显著变暖,对我国冬季采暖气候条件和能源需求产生了很大影响。论文以全国458个气象台站逐日平均气温为基础,对其影响进行了分析。依照《采暖通风与空气调节设计规范G(B50019-2003)》的规定,确定了采暖初(终)日及集中(过渡)采暖期的划分方法,并采用度日法分析了采暖强度。结果发现与1980年以前时段相比,1985-2004年以及1995-2004年间,我国集中采暖区和过渡采暖区的界线明显北移,尤其110E°以东地区北移最大达2～3个纬距;北方大部地区采暖期长度缩短5～15d,长江以南地区缩短最大达30d以上;北方采暖强度普遍减小200℃以上;理论上由气候变暖导致的我国北方地区冬季采暖耗能降低了5%～30%,长江中下游地区冬季采暖耗能降低了30%以上。     

Effect of sulfate on the methanogenic activity of a bacterial culture from a brewery wastewater during glucose degradation

The maximum specific methanogenic activity （SMA） of a sludge originating from a brewery wastewater treatment plant on the degradation of glucose was investigated at various levels of sulfate on a specific loading basis. Batch experiments were conducted in serum bottles at pH 7 and 35℃. A comparison of the values indicates that the SMA of this mixed culture was increased and reached its highest level of 0.128 g CH4 gas COD/（g VSS.d） when biomass was in contact with sulfate at a ratio of 1：0.114 by weight.     

Effects of spatial autocorrelation and sampling design on estimates of protected area effectiveness

Estimating the effectiveness of protected areas (PAs) in reducing deforestation is useful to support decisions on whether to invest in better management of areas already protected or to create new ones. Statistical matching is commonly used to assess this effectiveness, but spatial autocorrelation and regional differences in protection effectiveness are frequently overlooked. Using Colombia as a case study, we employed statistical matching to account for confounding factors in park location and accounted for for spatial autocorrelation to determine statistical significance. We compared the performance of different matching procedures—ways of generating matching pairs at different scales—in estimating PA effectiveness. Differences in matching procedures affected covariate similarity between matched pairs (balance) and estimates of PA effectiveness in reducing deforestation. Independent matching yielded the greatest balance. On average 95% of variables in each region were balanced with independent matching, whereas 33% of variables were balanced when using the method that performed worst. The best estimates suggested that average deforestation inside protected areas in Colombia was 40% lower than in matched sites. Protection significantly reduced deforestation, but PA effectiveness differed among regions. Protected areas in Caribe were the most effective, whereas those in Orinoco and Pacific were least effective. Our results demonstrate that accounting for spatial autocorrelation and using independent matching for each subset of data is needed to infer the effectiveness of protection in reducing deforestation. Not accounting for spatial autocorrelation can distort the assessment of protection effectiveness, increasing type I and II errors and inflating effect size. Our method allowed improved estimates of protection effectiveness across scales and under different conditions and can be applied to other regions to effectively assess PA performance.