水质监测中存在的若干技术问题 (续)

在全国“持证上岗”、“计量认证”、实验室现场考核和《亚洲地区实验室精度管理手册》编制过程及“监测质量调查”的基础上，发现我国部分环境监测站在水质监测的实际操作、试样前处理、监测分析方法选择及数据分析等方面尚存在一些技术问题。在分析这些问题的同时，提出了解决办法和建立我国质量保证指标体系的建议。     

Fisher法确定稳定分类数

对Fisher法确定稳定分类数作了一些改进,提出利用β值指标来衡量分类的稳定程度,进而确定合理的分类个数。在实际应用中,证明了该方法是可行的。     

废水处理设施验收监测现场的质量控制

分析了废水处理设施验收监测现场存在的问题及原因，提出了验收监测现场的质控措施是正确理解和准确把握企业的生产工况、生产周期、排污周期，加强采样过程中的质量控制，保证处理设施运转正常和建立必要的回访制度。     

某高密度街区大气颗粒物质量浓度分布特征实测研究

为研究城市高密度街区大气颗粒物浓度分布特征,2019年秋季对上海市某高密度街区道路大气颗粒物浓度、空气温度、相对湿度、地理位置、车辆与道路图像视频信息进行了同步移动在线监测,并结合街区内固定站数据和后向轨迹模拟结果,总结了影响街区大气颗粒物浓度变化的主要因素。结果表明:城市大气颗粒物背景拟合值处于较低水平时,街区内的大气颗粒物浓度变化和影响因素易被识别;机动车污染源对大气颗粒物浓度贡献大,其中大型机动车的影响明显;户外施工和道路清扫会引起大气颗粒物浓度上升,其中PM₁₀上升更明显;交通密度大的十字路口大气颗粒物浓度通常较高;城市高架的盖状结构会阻碍大气颗粒物在垂直方向上的扩散,引起局部大气颗粒物浓度上升;街区内高大浓密的乔木对近地面的大气颗粒物屏蔽效果不理想,甚至有助于颗粒物累积;早晚高峰时段大气颗粒物浓度较非高峰时段高。     

大气污染物指纹系统构建及在污染溯源中的应用

基于污染物检测特征信息结合区域产业结构、企业布局等信息构建了大气污染物指纹系统,通过污染物检测特征信息构建的第一级指纹数据库实现了对大气特征污染物的识别和污染物应急处置措施的推送;通过污染源行业及其排放的特征污染物信息构建的第二级指纹数据库实现了产排污行业的溯源;通过企业及其产排污信息,结合气象条件构建的第三级指纹数据库实现了对产排污企业的溯源。基于大气污染物指纹数据库的污染溯源技术为突发环境污染事故中污染物质的识别和污染源的追踪提供了新途径。实际应用验证表明,大气污染物指纹系统污染溯源响应快速、识别精准,实现了大气污染物从监测、溯源到应急处置的全过程无缝衔接。     

美国应急管理专业研究生培养体系借鉴*

为满足应急体制建设进入新的发展阶段后我国对应急管理高级人才的迫切需求,加快培养高素质应急管理实践与应用型人才。以美国15所开设应急管理专业的高校的硕士（文理）、博士（文理）为样本,对美国应急教育现状和培养方案进行全面梳理,包括教育目标、课程设置、人才储备等。研究结果表明:美国应急管理专业研究生教育系统性强,注重应用性与专业性。对比我国应急管理学科现状,提出将研究生培养成为兼具跨学科背景、经过充分实践训练的高素质人才的建议。研究结果可为我国应急管理专业研究生培养提供科学参考。     

上软下硬地层深基坑结构变形监测及分析*

为探究在上软下硬地层中进行深基坑开挖时围护结构水平位移与内支撑轴力的变化规律,以广州地区某上软下硬地层盾构井深基坑开挖项目为依托,基于现场监测数据进行分析并运用MIDAS/GTS软件开展深基坑开挖全过程的有限元模拟。将围护结构水平位移模拟值与监测值进行对比,验证模型的准确性;改变围护结构嵌固深度、主体结构厚度等工况,研究上述因素对结构水平位移变化产生的影响。研究结果表明:实测围护结构最大水平位移值11.78 mm,位于长边0.7倍基坑深度附近,坑角处位移值最小;改变结构嵌固深度对坑深15 m以下围护结构位移值影响较大,本工程最佳嵌固深度为1.5~3 m;围护结构水平位移会随着结构主体厚度的增加而减小,但最大位移间差值逐渐减小,结构主体厚度设计值宜为0.8~1 m。     

Distribution-free two-sample comparisons in the case of heterogeneous variances

Behavioral ecologists are often faced with a situation where they need to compare the central tendencies of two samples. The standard tools of the t test and Mann–Whitney U test (equivalent to the Wilcoxon rank-sum test) are unreliable when the variances of the groups are different. The problem is particularly severe when sample sizes are different between groups. The unequal-variance t test (Welch test) may not be suitable for nonnormal data. Here, we propose the use of Brunner and Munzel’s generalized Wilcoxon test followed by randomization to allow for small sample sizes. This tests whether the probability of an individual from one population being bigger than an individual from the other deviates from random expectation. This probability may sometimes be a more clear and informative measure of difference between the groups than a difference in more commonly used measures of central tendency (such as the mean). We provide a recipe for carrying out a statistical test of the null hypothesis that this probability is 50% and demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique for sample sizes typical in behavioral ecology. Although the test is not available in any commercial software package, it is relatively straightforward to implement for anyone with some programming ability. Furthermore, implementations in R and SAS are freely available on the internet.     

Effects of experimental protocol on global vegetation model accuracy: A comparison of simulated and observed vegetation patterns for Asia

Prognostic vegetation models have been widely used to study the interactions between environmental change and biological systems. This study examines the sensitivity of vegetation model simulations to: (i) the selection of input climatologies representing different time periods and their associated atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, (ii) the choice of observed vegetation data for evaluating the model results, and (iii) the methods used to compare simulated and observed vegetation. We use vegetation simulated for Asia by the equilibrium vegetation model BIOME4 as a typical example of vegetation model output. BIOME4 was run using 19 different climatologies and their associated atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. The Kappa statistic, Fuzzy Kappa statistic and a newly developed map-comparison method, the Nomad index, were used to quantify the agreement between the biomes simulated under each scenario and the observed vegetation from three different global land- and tree-cover data sets: the global Potential Natural Vegetation data set (PNV), the Global Land Cover Characteristics data set (GLCC), and the Global Land Cover Facility data set (GLCF). The results indicate that the 30-year mean climatology (and its associated atmospheric CO₂ concentration) for the time period immediately preceding the collection date of the observed vegetation data produce the most accurate vegetation simulations when compared with all three observed vegetation data sets. The study also indicates that the BIOME4-simulated vegetation for Asia more closely matches the PNV data than the other two observed vegetation data sets. Given the same observed data, the accuracy assessments of the BIOME4 simulations made using the Kappa, Fuzzy Kappa and Nomad index map-comparison methods agree well when the compared vegetation types consist of a large number of spatially continuous grid cells. The results of this analysis can assist model users in designing experimental protocols for simulating vegetation.     

水环境监测结果的审核重点与审核方法

环境水质监测分析过程中水质指标多,监测数据多,数据的审核工作比较复杂。数据审核是水质分析工作质量保证的一个重要环节,是整个质量保证体系中有效的控制手段。主要从理论上分析环境监测中水质指标之间的关系,为水质监测人员监测和数据审核提供参考,从而提高数据质量,为环境水质管理服务。