Assessment of Atmospheric Deposition of Heavy Metals and Other Elements in Belgrade Using the Moss Biomonitoring Technique and Neutron Activation Analysis

This study aimed at assessing atmospheric deposition of heavy metals and other elements using the moss genera Brachythecium sp. (B. rutabulum and B. salebrosum) and Eurhynchium sp. (E. hians and E. striatum) collected in autumn 2004 in the urban area of Belgrade. The concentrations of 36 elements (Na, Mg, Al, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Mo, Sb, I, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Sm, Tb, Dy, Hf, Ta, W, Hg, Th, U) were determined in moss and local topsoil samples by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The concentration of elements in moss positively correlated to those obtained for topsoil. High enrichment factors for As, Zn, Mo, Br, Sb, Se, Hg and Cl, calculated to continental crust composition, gave an evidence for anthropogenic impact on urban area, mainly due to intensive vehicular traffic and fossil fuel combustion. The concentration of elements in moss, characteristic for fossil fuel combustion, obtained in this study were substantially lower than in the previous investigation (2000) conducted in the area of Belgrade. The level of concentrations for V, Cr, Ni, and As in moss from this study correlated to those measured for neighboring countries, and were several times higher than the base-level data from low polluted areas. The level of accumulated elements in both investigated moss genera were similar and all studied species could be combined for biomonitoring purposes in urban areas.     

Possible Input of Nitrogen of Visitors’ Origin on a Protected Peatland

The Ozegahara peatland, in the Nikko-Oze National Park in Japan, is ecologically significant because of its oligotrophic environment; it is one of the most strictly preserved areas in the country. The isotope ratio of nitrogen (¹⁵N/¹⁴N) and carbon (¹³C/¹²C) and C/N ratio of peat moss (Sphagnum spp.) and sundew (Drosera rotundifolia) in the peatland were analyzed. The correlation of the isotope ratio with some parameters (sundew population density, number of trapped insects, water level, bog myrtle coverage, and visitor density) was investigated. The nitrogen isotope ratio of sundew showed the most significant covariation with visitor density, where sundew from lunch areas or along busy walkways showed a higher nitrogen isotope ratio. The nitrogen isotope ratio of peat moss covaried, not only with route traffic frequency but also with water level, bog myrtle coverage, and number of trapped insects by sundew, indicating that factors other than the visitor level influence the local nitrogen cycle. This study suggests that the nitrogen imported into the peatland by visitors is a principal factor to be monitored for the maintenance of the natural environment.     

小兴安岭泥炭藓沼泽生态系统中的汞

研究了小兴安岭汤旺河流域中的泥炭、土壤和植物样品的汞,泥炭地总汞的平均含量为65.8～186.6ng/g;高于黑龙江土壤A层汞平均含量,也高于美国佛罗里达大沼泽国家公园和瑞典Birkeness湿地的含量.甲基汞平均含量为0.16～1.86ng/g;约占总汞的0.2%～1.4%,泥炭地总汞最高浓度出现在5～10cm深处,为186.6ng/g,甲基汞最高浓度出现在10～15cm处,为1.86ng/g,均随深度增加而减少.甲基汞含量与总汞没有很强的相关性(P=0.05,r=0.28)     

川西亚高山人工云杉林和自然恢复演替系列的林地水文效应

通过对人工云杉林及自然恢复演替系列林地苔藓、枯落物和土壤的野外调查与室内实验,分析了川西亚高山森林恢复过程中的林地水文效应。结果表明:林地苔藓及枯落物蓄积量随林龄增大而增加,最大持水量也相应增加。10a、30a生人工云杉林苔藓、枯落物蓄积量和最大持水量都显著高于同龄的自然恢复类型;40a生人工云杉林苔藓、枯落物蓄积量显著高于同龄的针阔混交林,但二者最大持水量之间差异并不显著。人工云杉林苔藓和枯落物的最大持水率均低于自然恢复演替系列。70a生人工云杉林苔藓与枯落物最大持水量之和已接近原始冷杉林。各类型林分土壤容重均随土壤深度增加而增大,最大持水量、毛管持水量和最小持水量则降低。土壤0～40cm最大持水量在各林龄人工云杉林之间差异显著,但与恢复阶段没有关系,并不随林龄的增大而增加;在自然恢复演替系列之间差异不显著。人工云杉林地水文效应的增强快于自然恢复过程,表现在人工云杉林苔藓与枯落物蓄积量及最大持水量的增加快于自然恢复过程。     

用苔藓组织硫含量、S/N比值探讨江西省大气硫沉降

本文通过对江西省"r"型酸控区19个采样点88个细叶小羽藓样品进行分析,发现在大气硫浓度高的地区苔藓组织硫含量也高,说明细叶小羽藓可以作为监测植物指示大气硫污染。江西省苔藓组织硫含量从南往北递增,赣东北苔藓组织有着高的硫含量。南昌市和贵溪市市区苔藓组织硫含量和其相应的郊区苔藓组织硫含量有显著性差异(P<0.01),且市区苔藓组织硫含量明显高于郊区苔藓组织硫含量,说明这两个城市市区苔藓受到了点污染源的影响。对细叶小羽藓组织硫含量和大气SO2浓度进行线性回归分析,发现细叶小羽藓的组织硫含量(y)和大气SO2浓度(x)存在显著线性正相关(y=6.09x+0.16,R2=0.95,P=0.003)。用S/N=0.15把江西省采样点分为两组,贵溪市贵溪冶炼厂周围有着高的大气硫沉降量(组Ⅰ),其它采样点均是硫缺乏或者说是氮过量(组Ⅱ)。     

用 Moss Bag 富集研究汞矿附近元素汞的沉降

应用ＭｏｓｓＢａｇ监测元素汞的干湿沉降．结果表明：矿区大气汞浓度２００—１１３５ｎｇ·ｍ－３时汞的湿沉降为１７００μｇ·ｍ－２·ａ－１;干沉降９８７μｇ·ｍ－２·ａ－１．而当距矿区６７ｋｍ,大气汞浓度３．４—４．０ｎｇ·ｍ－３时,其干沉降２１μｇ·ｍ－２·ａ－１,湿沉降３３μｇ·ｍ－２·ａ－１,湿沉降占总沉降６１％—６３％,干沉降占３７％—３９％,元素汞的干湿沉降与距汞源的距离明显相关     

Trace element atmospheric pollution in South Albania studied by the moss technique and inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry

Monitoring hazardous air pollutants is needed for understanding their spatial and temporal distribution and ultimately to minimize their harmful effects. For the first time, the moss biomonitoring technique has been applied to air pollution monitoring in South Albania. Moss samples were collected during the period of September–October 2010, and were analyzed for total concentration of the elements Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Sr, V, and Zn by inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry. Geographical distribution maps of the elements over the sampled territory were constructed using geographic information systems technology. Multivariate statistical analysis was applied to distinguish elements mainly of anthropogenic origin from those predominantly originating from natural sources. Four factors were identified: Factor 1 reflects wind-blown mineral particles or local emissions from industry (Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, V, Zn); Factor 2 is related to long-range atmospheric transport of elements or local emissions from industry (Cd, Pb); Factor 3 (Na, Mg) and Factor 4 (K) reflect the natural origin of elements as crustal, marine, and vegetation components.