协定水污染物间接排放标准的法律问题探究

以协商的方式确定水污染物间接排放标准的规定打破了人们对标准确定性、强制性的传统认识。协定标准的优势在于充分利用污水处理厂的污水处理能力,减轻企业的污水处理负担,使企业可以集中力量搞生产。协定标准具有灵活性和优越性,应充分利用。通过对协定标准概念和重要性的分析,指出协定标准存在效力不确定、缺少对协定范围的限制等问题,造成协定标准在实践中通常被忽视或者滥用。并从明确协定标准的范围、加强排污企业的管理和协定标准的监督等方面,进一步提出了限制和完善水污染物间接排放标准的建议。     

Perceptions and attitudes of land managers in multi-tenure reserve networks and the implications for conservation

Multi-tenure reserve networks aim to connect areas managed for biodiversity conservation across public and private land and address the impacts of fragmentation on both biotic and social systems. The operation and function of Australian multi-tenure reserve networks as perceived by their land managers was investigated. Overall, the conservation of natural assets was the most frequently reported primary reason for involvement in a network. The perceived aims of the respective networks largely reflected the response identified for involvement and management. Over 88% of managers considered their involvement in multi-tenure reserve networks to be a positive or very positive experience. A lack of resources and time for management were considered major limitations of these networks. The majority (80%) of private land managers within networks were willing to be included in a national reserve system of conservation lands. As the Australian National Reserve System currently incorporates mostly public land, these findings have important and potentially positive implications for a greater role for protected private land.     

Comparative Assessment of the Level of Plant Cover Synanthropization in Specially Protected Areas

Tendencies in plant cover synanthropization depending on the pattern and intensity of anthropogenic impacts on natural complexes have been revealed in specially protected areas of different classes (a nature reserve and a nature park).     

Should We Protect the Strong or the Weak? Risk,Resilience, and the Selection of Marine Protected Areas

Abstract: It is thought that recovery of marine habitats from uncontrollable disturbance may be faster in marine reserves than in unprotected habitats. But which marine habitats should be protected, those areas at greatest risk or those at least risk? We first defined this problem mathematically for 2 alternate conservation objectives. We then analytically solved this problem for both objectives and determined under which conditions each of the different protection strategies was optimal. If the conservation objective was to maximize the chance of having at least 1 healthy site, then the best strategy was protection of the site at lowest risk. On the other hand, if the goal was to maximize the expected number of healthy sites, the optimal strategy was more complex. If protected sites were likely to spend a significant amount of time in a degraded state, then it was best to protect low‐risk sites. Alternatively, if most areas were generally healthy then, counterintuitively, it was best to protect sites at higher risk. We applied these strategies to a situation of cyclone disturbance of coral reefs on Australia's Great Barrier Reef. With regard to the risk of cyclone disturbance, the optimal reef to protect differed dramatically, depending on the expected speed of reef recovery of both protected and unprotected reefs. An adequate consideration of risk is fundamental to all conservation actions and can indicate surprising routes to conservation success.     

Comparing and Integrating Community-Based and Science-Based Approaches to Prioritizing Marine Areas for Protection

Abstract:  We compared and integrated marine protected areas proposed through community and scientific assessments in 2 regions of British Columbia, Canada. The community priorities were identified during individual and group interviews with knowledgeable resource users. The scientific priorities were developed with abiotic and biotic data in Marxan, a decision-support tool. The resulting maps of community-based and science-based priorities were very similar for the inshore areas, which lent credibility to both approaches. The resource users thought the science-based maps were fairly good at highlighting areas important for conservation, but preferred the scenarios that integrated the 2 maps to either constituent map. Incorporating spatial variation in human impacts on the marine areas and commercial fishing, which are both costs of protection, into our Marxan analyses led to scenarios that were different from either constituent map. Our results show the value of integrating community-based and science-based approaches in conservation planning to achieve community acceptance and conservation utility. They also reveal that people's assessments on the basis of their traditional ecological knowledge may serve as a reasonable proxy for scientific approaches in selecting areas of ecological value.     

综合治理沙漠化灾害

本文对我国沙漠化灾害有自然和人为的两方面原因，进行了具体的分析和介绍。     

关于架构可持续发展的观念体系的深层思考

本文着重从把握人与自然共生的辩证关系方面入手分析 ,认为体系的框架主要有五个层面 :即在人与自然的关系上 ,确立人与自然的和谐观 ;在发展经济与保护生态的关系上 ,确立经济与生态的兼容观 ;在处理各方利益关系上 ,确立经济、生态和社会三个效益的统一观 ;在生产增长的理念上确立集约化经营观 ;在生活方式选择上 ,确立适度消费观。在实践中 ,我们要把这种新的观念变成推动经济社会可持续发展的自觉力量 ,这就需要通过宣传教育、政策导向、责任考核、现代科技的“生态化”发展以及法制建设等途径     

Fattening strategies in dominance-structured greenfinch (Carduelis chloris) flocks in winter

Relationships between social status and levels of body reserves stored by members of greenfinch (Carduelis chloris) flocks in winter were investigated. In addition, the adjustment of reserves by birds of different rank to experimental changes in food predictability and to changed weather conditions were examined. Birds with low social status carried overall larger body reserves than high-ranked birds. The results of the experiments suggest that this was mainly because subordinates, due to their low priority to food access, perceived future foraging success as less predictable than dominants. In response to severe weather, which probably increased the risk of starvation for birds, dominants temporarily increased their reserves more than subordinates. This response also indicated that birds with low social status carried larger reserves than high-ranked birds, and demonstrated that dominants could increase food intake when there was a risk of energetic shortfall. The results suggest that fattening strategies in greenfinches depend on social status. In winter, subordinates may be forced to carry larger reserves than dominants to safeguard against social constraints in access to food during critical times. As body reserves may be costly to carry and acquire, this should reduce the probability of surviving the winter for subordinates compared to dominants. Received: 2 March 1995/Accepted after revision: 13 April 1996     

火力发电行业的环境污染与水资源利用

讨论了电源点建设所面临的环境保护和水资源紧缺的影响,提出根据电源点总体发展和分布,科学制定水资源储备战略思路。建议新的电源点建设可以规划采用城市污水、矿井水等作为火力发电厂项目建设的用水发展方向,海滨电厂可以采用电、热、水一体的建设模式,实现循环经济。     

罗布泊极旱荒漠区的土壤

新疆罗布泊野骆驼国家级自然保护区位于哈密、巴州、吐鲁番三地州.罗布泊是塔里木盆地最低的断陷洼地,也是第四纪以来盆地地表水的集水中心和积盐中心.1970年干涸后4000 km2的湖盆成为平坦的岩盐地,其外围分布着各种类型的盐壳、棕漠土、风沙土等极旱荒漠土壤,局部地段分布有草甸土、盐土等,山地分布有棕钙土、高寒荒漠土,各种土壤有其不同的特征.